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1
µһ綹˷ĺƽǰҲЩ
ԪĶ£ɫһ˿˿Ǳ꽫
·ƽ֪¼׽ʿҶھ۾񣬷ܱʼ顣΢εӳͦںڵüüĴ΢΢˸ᣬĵźÿЩ⡣
±ʣ˿һ̧ۣһ˫Ŀȴǳ޵ľ뵡Ρ
ϣ̫ڵԹ壬ھְʱһ䣺Һ˫ۣò֮ɽȫĳػˡ
Դˣͼ󵤷ѧʿ֮¡
оʢҶڹ¸иƽԭΪݣرີǿ鷳¼࣬ҶһҹԼͨﵩҲҪһһʣֱú󷽲İȻϾȶ࣬ʤʱƽ֦յѳɸ֪ĳ



㿴ʦү˯ûУҶ˴֣ĥīСˣᣬȴ絤ﳤ˵Ķ
Լʮͣ˸˫٣üĿ㣬һЦүⶼˣȫ£֮⣬˭û˯£
ⲻ𣿡ҶҲЦˣվչչ米Ҳãȥɡ
ȥȡ¼ϵë멣ΪҶϣ˸ţƤ֣ӿɱϴͻ룬ҹȥʮ˺ӿˡ
֪΢΢һЦȳţƽΡ
Ȼؽ˺ܶ࣬ǿȻеϰ˭ֻ֪ò鲻Ը׷ȥ



ҹ꺮ѽСε޶˱˽ѣǴŭҪȴʶ徢ݣʱ㻻ֺõЦҶ˰ֿ࣬ԩ˰գҲ֪˭ϻ£ⷭĸݡ
ֺŶΡ˶ԣҶ⡣
ʣɵ˯ۣ۵ͣĩһʯǰţشˣǡҶ⣬Ѻԥȥ̲סֲ˾䣺ҶСģ˵书õúܣǧ
Ҷ΢һףǰת˸䣬һǵطеĿꡣ
ʮ̽࣬Ϊ統ĥɹҲ磬˭֪ȴһǽӣҪöࡣ
Ȼڲͬ
ϻĹ⣬Ҷ粻ɫ΢˫ۣϸŶԷ
Ѱ˵ԶߣĿ£ȴǱʯǽȶҶȻҲܴпԷĳڹķϸΣ˸ͦΣ糤ȣһϮ±ʮյĥЩȴȻͦǹһֱˬ⺷֮ԼɼǼؼϣ仹繷һϵŸȺУɲ֪Ҫٷİ
ȴɢĳţҲǴĵطˡ



Ҷһ˵ȴ󼫾ѣ˫ͻȻҶײĿ֮£һ̶һз꣬һȴǾ񣬴ۿ絶棬ȻȻȴһᶨǿӲ
ͷͬʱ΢΢һ𣬰ԷǸ

Ҷ磿ǽǵȿڣɳƵͳҲ֪Ƿ£ȴ˿Ȼ
ңҶü΢ҲԶԷֱ֮Ϊ⡣
ü˰ȻһЦ书ȴвҵڴʱ˵س֣³յĵѧʿ֪˭˶٣΢ֻǧ֮ӣãҹˣȴݣ
Ҷδ˰֣޴ȥ㣬ֻ㼸仰
Ŷ
Ҷһ£ãã
ӵ鷴ɢʯڣ˵İﲻдôǴãǲɻáһŵףǧҪס
Ҳɻȴûһ޼ɵֱ׳ȡ̸¾֮ѡˣҶҲ̾鲻죬ɱʢ̺ŽҴС㣿
˵ǣǾǰաһЦڼȣһ¡
ɱ֪߳ҶסõݣͨնĳģһʷУĹĺܿͻ͵
ЦЦٶԡ
е֤ݶָ㡣ĵϵˣֳĺۼԼСսг֣Ҷʯε˼ͣǰҿйϣЩط벻ͨƾЩ֤͹ϼˡ
ò̧ۣĿҶ絭ɫ۵°ڣ΢΢ƣྻţȫ޸Ҷһ㡣΢΢һЦϧطԣʱҲԡ
ʲôҶ
˵õĿ⻺˳Ҷϣֱ˫Ӣ㲢˵ĳĿһЦ¶ѩ׵ݣ㣬ҾŹ㣬Ҫѹ£Ĳɡ
㣡벻Է˵Ҷɫ˲÷ףתֱ࣬ͻȻʶһ˫ĿգҲգضѣŭ⣬뼤ŭңȥӣйŹ֮




2
ֻЦһҷıЩ֣˵ʲô
ûķˡҶƳ˶Էһۣ衣ϰģһ;ֻнͨоٳˣ뽭ָԶԶɣǰ˾Ϊ޿֣Щ˼
ǽϵ֦ѷ΢žҶһʱ˼üӰӳһ˫ĿᣬݶӨÿ޶һ
áҶǰһ飬ȷοȷ֮
ţ
Ҷ絹ױʫ飬ãŵŭɢΣݾϼأɫʮϴѩ֮˲֪ϵŮӸʤвŮƫƫֶءͷһʱŵ˸һĳƺţҲǣ
̾˿૵û˵Ůͨô
ҶĿһ˿֮ɫȻһûȴӵùõĿʮ꣬ǳ£˫ĿеĲмʱ֪ΪΣоŭ⽥ӯ⣺Ҷ磬ƲңƫҪҲζȴǲ¶ɫ

Ҷ֪תŶٲͷ΢΢һЦƷвˣֵöŮӺߣ򸾷ĿҲΪһԸò˫Ӳǿ֮¡ǿδɱˡϰԣЦˡ
΢΢һһ㶮ʲôƷԶҲ壬ͻȻٯٯһײȤӲϹô
ҶѴЦãʲôҹˣѵΪҶ죿Ҷ䲻ţҲҲⰸԩ͸øҺú˵ǡ
ýͷƫһ࣬Ҷ֪ģκĳçʲôкú˵˰ôУôаա
ҶѧٺãҲ΢΢˫֣ڵʯذ˼̧ЦʮȮһûнУ˴죬ˣҲʵ㣬ΪС㳥Ҳ㣬ǣڣȴң⡣
ÿҶΣȻЦãȻǵѧʿЩ£һһװˣҸҸԭ򡣡
Ҷ粻δȥȴҲ߽˼̤Χڡ
ʾɲǷ˵㶼ؼסжȴɴ䣬һתѽҶѹǽϣ˫غľϴʱѹҶؼ䣬ֱ֮ѹҶɫǣҲɬҶݣȴǶ֮ˣҲ޼¡
ۿٶཀྵƬ̣ƽ֪ҪͨΪȴȻааһЦɣʱĵѧʿѱǰ˫Ŀ΢գһ޺ҪγѪƬĴȴ΢͸ϣذ뿪ţ绨㣬̬вǰݺݵ۸ȥ
ԭֻǶĳɷݾӶ࣬䵭ţ߸ϵ֪˿ȴٲԥ촽صɫǶΰוϣһ·˱ǣͣڶԷ΢ģˬƬ䡣
һ֮£ζãҶĿڴ˿ϸ壬΢ñֻǳֹȴ֪Խ̽Խ

ҶһΣѹʱǿӲѹʯϣѣáѧʿεȷӦô£ŭûڣ޿˼֮ʱһȣҶ羪ѵ౻סշת˱ѹɡ
üȥ˼Ҫҧ£ŷ֣ѵ¶ɻָȵؿסƶɵá
ãܺáҶ綨˶ȥϵظоԷһһ̣ȵɽǿĳЩζ塢ҪϢ
ˡΪֹҶѵＫ£õķҲ͡
ݺݵҧ£Ѿõһͬʱ߳˿δ뵽⿴ľŵ,⧲ʵʵһ,ǡڹؼλ,ʹƺһСҲֱ
Ҷ缱뿪Χޱ飬ŵϵӣҸ˵ʲôʿɱ裬ǵǸ߿㣬ֻҪ֪κ£Ҫ۾ͳɡ


ϣϷֱּ˵ϡ䲻ҶΪҪ´ҲҶеıɺζȴɵÿ䣬ˮ
Ҷһ꣬໰,Ҳδһ,ȥҹɫҶҲҹɫ.˴ҹΣǵûʳȥƲ,Բڻ.

صƽãΪ˶˯ȥϺ£еӰڿ顣 




3
ҫҫ¿÷֮¸ۣ΢룬Լʮͷſףʱ̴Ц⣬Ҷµһıʿʦү
λĻҶأ˿ֵķţǾ棬ǻϲ첽ǰЦô㣿ͷƭ˵˯ˡ
ίίҶմҹ¶ۣ
ҺʱԣЦΧǵҲܹǰȷ˯ˣֻͻȻӵöƣȴ˻
ƣҶסȲ裬һڣˣü⵽ǰﴫµģҹҲ֪£ǴС֡С˺ͷԽطণľԱˡ
˭˵أǰλɵеı棬ҪǷǽϣЦˡظȤϵĽȡһЦŵݸҶ磬Ȼ˾ѲָʹµġЩүʹӮ˸ʤ̣Żϳ谮ŵĺܣղŽǣͷٴǰȥݻᣬʱͱѹˡ˹ͣǲһ˾ҪǮҪɸ֪ȥҲˣ˭֪ǾȻҹƣʵ鷳
ҶӹƣڳҲرͻȻ뵽һˣɫ΢΢һ䣬漴£ЦĴǱսѾʼô⼸æδ顣
ǶˡȥսֻʣΣаʹ̶ţٳɲ򡣡ƽനʶ˵ս׼̶ӵ·ȨΪְ豩ᣬôĵƣսֲŶ·ѷ׷׻سˡ
Ҷ˵ͷЩƣ룺ҼǵãѲ·ģǶǰգ
ɲҶɫãģĿż˾䣬һٺӡۣһ㵣ȴֱЦ̸ȥ˵˲գıԶϳ˵ģֻϧòãûͶϵļƫͶ̫ĵȻĲŸɣս֣ȴƫ£

ȴ漰γĹܡγʵΪ̫ЍԿطܹ壬ĵܹΪս̫Ѝǻʱģʺ󣬻λӶܣ塢̫Ѝӵѵ˳ȥдگ飬ڽѡĳ̫ЍʣԹ˳½λ̫ڣҲǵĻϡ̫̫һ֧׼ǳ谮;ͷ⣬Ӧʵڵǻ󲻾ãʱѣֱƶٹٿףʮȴ˭ҲҶԡ
ǣ̫Ѝӵ·ӣ̫ЍϽΨһɫ̫ڰ˲书Ժʹһְ֮빬ж̸أʵѿˣɵ֮ľȥûȥȴ˭Ҳ֪ˡ

¯֪ʲôʱϨˣشӴڵ˲Լͬ˸Ͻȥ̿ҶȴĬȻ
ʮǰĹҴڽҲһĶǣңעʴ֮ڿڡ
֪˶ãҶ̾һ֪Щ㶨ڱǰ˵ģҲֻжңŻģ÷ǽжԺЩա
֪ˣ̡֪Ҷǹػ֮⣬һů΢ЦģץңҲ˵֣۵ˡ
Ҷһۣ޺޵ҽ컹ŻôպҪǳ£Ҳָˡ
ֻЦҶǿŵɫ׻ǷĲ£ųʲôô˿Ϊۣ
뵽ղеġۡҶ΢΢һ죬ת˲ֱѹŭףΪ˽׮ɱǮͨе£ҲҶܣ죬ڼȻ͸ҹĿȻҪϸ
ŶһѼҶɣҲ֣ȥ¯ϻ˱Ȳ裬ݵ˾УЦԣҹȥѯʷˣҲ
Ҷֹҡҡͷ̾ǷҲʵ̫ȻҡײҡҾǲˣΪйҶµģôأӣȸһɣȲΣҲô죬֤ôѼǡ
ֻ²ײ˰աһ䣬ȴ˵ƣ̧ͷ˿ɫǰڰʱüС˯һæЦȥϢһᣬӦţҲûʲô£ȥҲ٣һҪ֣˵δظǡ
첻úϢҶȷʵѾƣ֮⣬мһЦǾˣʵǳŲסҪȥһˡ
ҶδȢף޼޾죬סƽ·ԶľۡڣȥǷ㣬Ҫطؾˣ¯Ҳȥ˯ɡ˵Ằ㣬ɱ˯¡ŵĵԻغԺȥˡ

һ򿪣ŵĻȼһӵİҶ԰࣬ƣ֮ţȥůеЩˮݲϴ֣£ʪȫһ飬ɴʣȥ
ȴδɵıϣһȵġʵ塣Ҷ׼һʵᣬҪˣڴ漴㱻һֻסҲһֱ۹£ģ̵ñ˶д𣿡








4
ȴҶ׹ѣǶʮ˷ľӷ緶ѿ̵ֻһ̱Ҫʧ̬ؽг
˿ȷȻ򾲣ҶŻؿ˿ڣڰӰЩģүã
ϣҪʧˡ˵ָĸҶݵ֫ζǷݶһ޶ļУҺõúܣһ
ҶĬԷҪ˵Щʲôܲ³
Ȼ˵ƵҶ´޹˼ɵ½ᣬЦ٬Ůˣ⼸£ʵˡ
ҶľӣһᱡΪȴ̲סүҪŮˣ¹ٿɴΪ١
ûнãŶӶûУЩʲôЦѵҪȥЩǧ˳ˣӪˣ
ҶɫӲҰףڣڻס
ȴϾʹ˷Źָ˾ҶߣĵȴԽԽˣҽټ㶼ҲȥҶԪ٩ɽ޼ɵô
仰ᣬȴǼءҶ籾Ѵٲ˵Ҳֻ޿κοڣүءү˭Ҳֻ¹ٵʱ⣬δӵѡ

ҹҶҵӣǵӵĵֶ֮˫Ķˡһô
ȥȴٶ˵ֿҶ޳˫ȣʲôǰϷͦҪֱ롣Ҷ类ﲢһΣ֪ʱҲãἤŭø³
ֻǵ֪µͷԲ־壬ֱһ˫ƾסϷˡ
ţһ˫ӥĿ΢΢в֮⣬֮
˼ʫŸ£в̤ĩȴ䵽زҶֻң޿ɲɡȻڣƽƽ壬ү⼸ոõºֶܶ࣬Ѳһ·ǮʵûжʱϢүҪҡ
вŭ䣬սľͬҶֻԷƽǰΣǿֻһŭ㼸Ҫȵ˴
ҡֻڳʵҶɫ飬һ˫֣ȴǲ֪ս

סҶΣͻȻſ֣ЦЦȴްЦ⣺ãȻˣñѧʿ˵ζζֻ³˱⣬޵ڶ˿ء
һؿڴͷԻ˸ӹȥ֬۱Ҫ͸д¥СģֽˣҲ޷ҪҲҲɣɡֻĲ̫ãһ⣬˵ñҪˡ
ϵĪڴˡ
Ҷ˱ۣż£ʱʰ֬ۺУ׾ָմѵ˽ܴͿȥ
ѱǾȥ͸ʣԼԼ˽ΪҶѩ׵϶˲ζλƣԵüȳƣ˿Ҷֵʳָڴ˫Ŀգ´ҪҧѪƽض಻ݷ˱Ǣƥ
һ˿©ؿԽеĻȴҲԽ񶾣˶˿̵ӡôѧʿ֪Ǹ˿תл潼ˡ㲻Ǳʫôڶôд֪
һжҵġΪʲôǿңҷҪȥҷ㣬ΪһҪѧСŮӣ̬
Ҷ̷侲ó档׼Ҳ룬ֻٽ꣬ⳡΣҶ粻ٳɣݵطֿ˫ȣϥϣ΢΢סԷĻԴѵȥֻǶԷίʵ̫ҶҧӲȥʹһͷϸϸ亹
ƣܲ˴̼һʱҡҡ׹Ҷ籾ܵѰ֧ţŴǵļͷȴ̵ءԸԷҶĳɷסǽڣ˶񣬿ʼ¶ȴŭʢ˵Ҳ޹˼ࣺҶ磬ʹ߿¡ҪҪƽƫƫ㣬б£ɱҺˣߣֻʬδҲˡ
ΪǿҶ磬ԭȴ޹ءƽشϱͨҪΪ֮࣬ǵҲҪĸƽȴҶƽð˻ȥҶҾȴҳ𣬰޻Ѿáӣǽþˡ
ǺεĻﰵ֪Ҷ˶ٰӣ˰ɱҶһΣȴȫδ֣ʵ۵ģֻѹŭȴһչͬϣҶ磬һ˽½˽ߣԱֶǿֻܺԾǹˡ˭Ҷ羹ļƣƫϵ°ƽ֪
˶Ǵˣǰоһףֱ˵˺棬ȴǵһΡ
ǰգ֮Ҷðεⲻ⣬ʵܣ͵ֱƷԷϸӣѹڴϣɶ߶ߴϢ֪ͺáΪҵȤƽֽӲŮ˵ĲԶˡҾҪ㡭ߣصĳӣ͵Ǹרõͯ
ڰУҶ߬ס˫ѾףҧƵĴ䣬Ѫ黺䡣ʼգֻǸǿӣδⳡеõκοУʹȴɽӿϮ˼մĹҶ羡Դ˿ϱµʹ࣬һת֪ҹʱ֣Ĳɻ
ʲôԡʱָоɵﲻԣôҲץסҶ˼һԵؾҪֱã




5
ѹϷѪȣҶͻһһյͺȵʲôδ䣬һȣȴһһŤҲͲסһйǧֱȫ˳
һйױȵֻûͰ͸زǿҶѹԭأŭѵʧ̬Ĺµס
Ҷ֪ǵ˼һֻǹ¶ˣǵĳȱʱڣʹ˵۴ˣҶ練˿ˡ
ʹƿǣҶ䵭װ£үԱ㣬¹ٻйʧˡ
̵һ죬εؽҶһֻסӨ༡ӡۣû˵ߣ뿪
Ҷͼ˦ǰ˵ĽƣȴץøһɹƽүУ߲ߣƺвү׿ϰա
˵ȴҲ֪ǰ˾ǽ֮Ҳڴ˵أǵȺ֮١ļֻƽֻ̾ҪԽʲŴûǷ˵ļѿֻڶѡ
ڼϼѹסҶ磬ʱ龰ΣҶҲûϸ룬ʱΪתַʹ࣬ȫעһ֮£̷֣ϵļԭھУҲƲƽǰǰٶѽ⿪Ҷʱװѡ
ѹûٰܾҶĺ⣬ϧᱡΪıǿЩҶ缤ߣʹܡ
һͨ˹ؽڣҶסηԽ֪ҲҪģοҶĸЦѵĵϷ
ҿΪաЦЦָҶľһٺ죬
벻ΡҶѿƣȥۼһһ𣬴ݵүھ¹ҳɷүǲ֪
˵ûǴˣ񷨾֮.




6
һѽе忡ٶػСҶвţ־ŭɫͻȻá
ɥڹͥϲŭɫĽǸȻᣬ۵˻֮䣬˭ҲϡʮٹٷԵģı磬뾡Ӷһһȥﰵ֪ɨ˶Уֻʱ죬ҪرҵĽɽ
ƫڴʱҶ硣¼׽ʿƷĲŷѵõǼùңһӿɱȣǱǰ֮ˣһϲ̽ؽύ뽫Ҷ£˭֪ҶȴͳУֻ֪Ҿ֣ʾ⣬һЦƽԶ
ղˣȻҪȥĺҲû϶ԥձ֯ҪҶء˭֪ѧʿΪ˻˼ûϳţһ˼ξֶʧܡһǸӴŭײ̫ԣ޼Ҷ磬Ҳֻ

ҶŭǼǿ⣬Цţһָ嵭ĮºۼİוӣҶ簡Ҷ磬Ǵ´СºͿˣΪһںǵӹô뱾кθɣΪʲôҪ»ȥ
㲻ѾҶ峺˫Ŀ˲㺮˪ŭǣվƤû˵ڡ
ǵôƼҶǿŭ΢ǲһȣѸͦǶûŮˡһ˵һߴֱسȥҶ£ɷ˵ڴϱ¿ʼ
ҶۣܳŵȫƾһɰͻֱϮŭߺ޽һһΣʹ˻˹ȥ

ҶǴ͸ϱңۼȻǲ֪ʱȻȥڿյްӰ
𣬲һһĵʹҲ۶һʹϰҶȻһ̾ٴεϡǲһ绢籪ӣվŪѡӦĻʱйˡ
ϲԶһ壬̹ӨӨӴæʧġ
Ӷ˷
ǵǳʱԱᣬȨ󻹳һԴǷȤж䣬͸һµӢ䣬ˣٻѹȥ֮ȻȴҲͬʱ֪˾ǳ֮Ȼسκ˾Լ͸˻⣬ýɽ䱾κ·࣬κɽסֻ̫ϻභôҪû˱ȥΪѣȴʵû㡪
Ҷס壬ӹһ˿Ц£ɣҪɱ֮УҲԲߣΨ֮£ʩȴϲҪòҶ繶ջգˣܴ˳ͷҲ⡣

˼һʱƮԶβͻȻѹǱߣ֪ΣЩ֣ûѣƽʱŻӼĹԱͼһˡ
Ż⴫ϤЦ˻ûô׼׼ˡ
һҶʹȴ鶯糣ǰһƾ֪ߣ̾һѾˣô
⾲һΡĪת

Ҫҩôұ룬֪βøˡĬȻƬ̣Ҳ̹̾Ȼϣ糿𴲣һЩҲޣǹˣ´㺰ҵʱ޻شſŽȥһȥˡ˷ģҲ֪
Ҷ죬סǱ󣬿Ȼ˵ɣһһ⣬˿á

֨ѽһľžƿ˽ϣĿбӣҩڷϡ
ҶЦαˣΣõõҩǾ̫ˣԸô
ءȫ΢΢һæҩ𣬵ݵͷ۹ⴥҶȻ̬ǳҼŮˣһɷ£һ𣬼תȥ
ǱɡҶӹҩڱмѵطϣǿЦͬΪӣκģʵڼˣҪЦ
£ҶǿЦյ飬̲סһ᣺ˣ⾿ô£˭ҽͷϣʶ㣬һ۱ƳҶǱȣԸ
Ҷ˼ǰȻ£֪ˣֻ»֮֡ȻѾǶ
˵ͷҲԾҲµˡԲ֮ڣҲֻңᡣ˷ǸңȴΪβɵ裿
ԸѡҶ羲ڻתƾܲƴǲԣûãҲǲмΪҶжѵϣһŮţܹô
һ٣֪ģʥϳ谮ΪβѰ֤ݣ˽࣬öδᣬ
ı֮⣬ºεȻܣҶ絹ϲҲ֪Ҹֱ˵עۣѵ£ΣҲ֪һֱδϢмǨβСˣһΣһɣεŮҲЩ߻ԭҷ𣬾˵ǰ֮ң򣬺ʱɣ˸֮¡Щһĺ̺壬̫ƽ£֪Ӻ˵ˣȻҲǲ֪Ҫ֤ݣҲ̫ѣ

˵üҶʹҪһʹҡҡæס˱裬Щ䣬Ҳ˲ˣڴ߷£Ҷּˣı½ȫ֮жλҴʱ֤࣬ʥϱضŭּ׷顪ⲻǷƵöô߶ʥ׷̫ЍδЪţâ£˭Ӯ˭䲻֪ҳһţȴǱȻɣ֣ôܿ¾һԣѪɺӣô
˵Ҷ͸ƣ룬ĿСĬãŵһ䣺Ǵ˾Ҫװ֪ۿŶƳɣȡλˣҲڰ

ǡҶ۾סߵĻţҡҡͷֻ̣֮ǲԸ¼Ƶ񲻿֮ʥ϶ҶɽѱһҪʱȨλᾡȫ˴ʧˣչáϵʱɣ⣬Ҷӷ֪ްأ˶ѣ
øأȻɫſҶ磬վڴǰҾȥʶһ࣬ƽֻǸĺù٣ղ֪ػ£Ȼֺ꣬ǧԸһˣǣҲϧ
Ҷ粻Ȼȥ㡪ʲô
ȴ̧ͷˣҲʵˣ֪˭ģ
ǶôҶԭǶӸϵͣһǰǲ˵ϸҪѿǷãһϯ̸ʶؽ󣬱ˣĪǻ飿
ʥϡԭʥϽ֮ߣ˾ٶߡ





7
ս̴庮Ҷ޳ָ΢ʶߵأЩ𾪣ҲЩǣΣŵһЦǳӸְһǮʥϲģҲӦġ
Ҳƽ΢ЦҲǲĴˡ֮ԭȨʥ֪ѳӵĶҲûʲô档ÿλس߶ʥϵߣҶ˲Ҫڽˡ
֪һ£һ¡Ҷ˼΢΢ЩľҿҾû֮⣬һŴֻôĶ뵽һ꣬һУһһУǱ˽һϸţϲݡ
εȴϻҶɫ֪Զ֮ģƴǰǰθգЩڣͷ𵭵Ŀ
¸ˣѡֺγԸѡ·γԸҶ̹ȻЦʱԽԽأ
ȻԵݼˣ򸴺ԡ
ֻ̧֪ͷ˿ɫЦѵЪ£վ˯һհգˣһϣŵùңҸ֪º飬ܰģ㶼ˣܰģȴ췢䣬Σ
š㿴ǡҶˣԭĵְԱݣţһӦû⣬ת뵽Ѳ𴲵ԭɫ΢΢һ죬ҺڣȻ治֪Ǻˡ
һ⣬ü۽Ƿ΢ͷ¶һؾ˶֪ӣ̾ϢҶ̨ģֻ˽ңһڣʵǡ˲ǷҲѡ
Ȼչһ񣺡˺Ϣɣһһӱغ˲Ϊȫǡ
ҶȻ֪ȫƣǼٵģžпɳ֮ǰŲ档΢΢һЦ˵ͷ

ߵűߣҶͻȻһ£æסˣѵķϸġǿһȴǺԹ˳˼Ҳû⡣

ȥҶԷ¡ԭǻ֮ˣ֪޷Ա˿ȥЩ񣬵ϣʱ硣

һ˯ʮʱηˣҶ˯һ磬漴ֳ˯ȥҪЩʱƣ룬һв㡣ӣҷǰѲεʿҲ֪ɴ
űõʱѵ˰ҹǰæҲûü˿Ӧ䣬ɫҴҴ٣ͷҲҲҪǱжǱ
ҩȻáҶһֻˬ仹ʣȴѿж죬֪ǳ£ȴ֪ʲôҲܴãһѸװнˡԼãйĿ֮ܣһ۾ϳǿеһ

л˵ʲô£
̼֮£ڶˡ˽ٳʦүҪ
ʲôҶȻվһ룬ȡ£ߣ߱˵ҪϸЩһһʮ֪ȫ˵
֪ŲԶֻתֱ㵽Ҷһ·ѯʣУŪǰ
Σһ֣ϼӿȥһơҶҹȥʱ˫ϣȥʱ˫ϾڣأһζʯǽУῴʵڿкѵĻᣬзԸ䣬Ҳˡ
ٴУȴֻЦۣǽǣЩЩںֱͻȻ䡣
ľԶԶ˳ȥһ̬Ҫ֪Ҷ磬˵СıҪ١˱ˣҹǰϳɾ䶨˵ɱʮ£򵽷˵Ȼȴ֪ʦүμӹģֳʲôı桪ҾҶ磬лر
ĻرҲЩɲ첽ȥˣУǰúشӵϵ𣬶Ѹײڶ˻δô£ϵľѴѣɢ˳ȥ
ľмɣЦУסʺ֮Ϊʣ佻ԿףС

ʲôҶþģ̲סʡ
УҪˡ˵ˣߡͷص
ҲѹģϾŵٳֹԱȴָգҪһ֮ף޼ɵΪˡ




8
ҹڷߣ޼
ƽεʯǽ⣬ʮѽյðһ㣬һǴӱæƽ˾ѳɹͻȻִ̣޲̻ȻĲǹУȴ˭ҲҴţֻģſڸһûһغ

ҶһиϵפĶͷԶԶӭȥɫ䣬뵽ϵԴԴϵĶ޲а֮ǣĶǰǲ飺Ҷˣơ
Ҫţ˻ͷûߣǿΪ֮Ҷ練ҪολҴһ٣תƵƣŷ˼˼ƽϣ˶ʮ֮ɣɢЩĵǹˣɳһͬʱкô
ͷҲ֪ûУգ۾ӦһתߺȥˣҶ翴Ⱥʿҷ׷ɢѼģҡͷղԭ˵˶һɱأȡůأȥͷɡǷ֮ãɶȺսĽӢҲôͷʹ

ЦݵĶԻҶüһ۽ǣݵεȥ
ͷԶԶֲңЩ֪Ҳ޹أĹʧͿƵϣѶȲڱڵ֮ȴĵãͷԸ˷Ϣ֮й¶֣ӮˣºȻԴ˵˵ˣҲԽ֪Խã²
Ҷȴȫû뵽Щȫ񶼷ǰоŹֵĴϡ

ʯ̤ţеεҶǰţɱڡ
ӳ۵ǽһյ΢͵ƣӷϯضϸ̬Ǵúͱٳֵʦү
ҶĽŲҲţƫҶеľƺҲ֪ģЦҶ磬ҹ˪أһȱƣգ
̧ۣһЦˣҳ˱Ѩ⣬Ķܺá˲Ϊҵġ
ҶԭгﻮӦԸֳ棬ǰ龰ǳϣһ㶣ǰ㿴ɫ
صļѽ⿪ڳɢһֻ࣬ʣһ˨ǽϣҶ˵ڻ⹹죬רԸЩģ벻ʱó
룬΢΢Цϸܿ岻ȻؽӲţֵ磬𱭾ƣδȻ˵Ѩ㣬û¡

ˡҶȵһ䣬ſãɫ㡪ʲô
ģҺһõ˫ڰӰЦɣòã
áҶ羲ԭزӰͶʯǽϣһãΪͥ٣ǽ֮ٳʣ־ͬϣƣȲá
ٵĹعȻ࣬νһЦҲ˱ҽٳôǰ¾ƣ죬˳һѡ
Ҷһ׾ʹϻۣԳѧٵоˣӦ֮ˣ޲Ĳѧ壬ٳʽ˶УԴ䣬ׯȻżȻЦҲһûǿǶģǵһϡ
Ը۱磬ҶһãⲼ˾ʿӲȥģ־ܰɡ
ˡҡҡͷ̾Ҷ磬Ϊϲ˵Щϻ仰һûһǧҲа˰٣һö˶˵ػڡҪӣסô 




9
ҶֻЦԷǡһ˾б˼ʮ죬ȴ˵ôӣסĹǴԲˡ
ҿҶܺãһ氵ƣ˼λ⽩֣һĿעãȻӣ뽫ˣΡ
һҶȻҲ٩һˣ̿,ҪЦ
Ҳһ漴ɫ糣ߵʱȻߡȻƼ
ڵʲôһ˵Խľٶʲô
Ҷ΢΢һԼ±еҪ鷳
һ˸ĿУҶ绹ʳ˽Ѿõ⣺ãǼǲģ



Ҷ磬㻹澡ְúܣ˿Ҳʰ΢ЦʵҲʲô˵ܡӦһ£Ҿ͸㡣֪޲ԣ޲
ʲô£Ҷüͷ΢΢Ѿʱ䣬ƫƫûʲô÷ӿɲһٳܡ
ҺơõӰ￴мơֻһɻôҶӷ簵ġ
˵ˣƲƴǣҶӷ̹ȻһЦ˹ȥҲ

֮أȻûȫ׵ģҺûһƵİ˸ΧˣϯضеһһֱִŶ֣֮˼ۣҳһȱ˿ڴִɴ룬ƣЦҪλªľƾңʵڱǸýȴȾ֮޷
ñҪƺݸҶ磬Ҷƾ˻ȥԶ룬Ҷ΢΢һЦ롣
Ʋڣ죬ҶףƣġһۣԷһεЦݣ·˵ֻ׳㻰˭֪
ĬоƹѲƾ߽ѿա
Ҷߴ٣Ц¾ƺʰաҪ˵Ǽӡġ
ĵѵģα֤
ġ֮
ôҹ巿Ϊ
Ҷʷ潥ͱˡҲЩܲ˵ӣüЦҶȻҶ磬ʱܵʮ㡪ҵŽһ㣬˵Ұҹȥʲô
ɻҶ粻޵̾
öѡò磬ǿ£͸ƷزΪȥ＾ͻϣС㰢ٻʶٻδţҪȥ¾ƽ˳·ȥ˷㲻۹⿴ңǲ°ҡȥģ¡
Ǻ˵컣ΪεɵҶ缲ֱ׷Ѷʡԭ󰸵磬һߵȴĿ΢Զ˼
ԭҵĲáþȻҲܾΣҸڼٻ֮ǰϵȣ塭Сʲͨͨʰõģϧȥôæû˵֣ȻѰٻγҵĵҪԾŮˣʱ򣬶ѿúܡ
˼Ծ
ҶֻҪһڳϣ˭ûǴҡͷҲҲ
Ǵ۸ӡǵѵ˭ǧͷ¶ˡҶɴֻ׷ʡҲŵԣϵĺܣشвھҵĳ׷ˣ˫Ĺ⧲һǣһᣬõڰٻס׼ѵϡʵٻδصֻҿ֪£үǻῪЦ
˵䣬ҡͷ·ʤꡣ
֤ݣҶ̵ص֡
עⰢٻ֣ǱķͿ֪ô룬⿪£ת˱¶һƬʵýļȻһɫӡӳ뼡֮ˡ
Ҷ棬Ƶǰӣñϸϸָ꣬϶Ƭӡǣ治١
ĵ̹˽飬Ȼ⶯кζȴǴزףҪԲһ棬ѽҶ§סЦģҪҡ
ڳҶҲΪûὫǳԹ´ģֹס¶񣺡֡



10
Ҫҷ֣
õЦ§Ҷָ΢һѻ½Ħ涣˵
ƣȻޣҶȴȫ죬һ䣬ŭҲǸӣΪʲôƫֲĹϧ֣ⷬ
΢΢һҲöˣаħ֮࣬ľȫϣҶɫָȴƽһ⡣
˵õ֪ȴ١ԭͱ·ߣҺüʱ˷ֻ֡ʰռߣȴΪŲ޾ʦһִͽܣȻҲǵΪأý
΢ȴû¶͸ָȻЦ٬кβãֻ»δζҴһԣ
Ҷ⣬ȥЩ֮вס侲ĪҪһʱ嶯õĵ
糣ͬΪıҡ
˵һͻȻжϣҲ޷һ˲䣬Ҷֻһů͸룬漴Ѹɢ֫ٺУӲĻ䣬ֵõĻ

ھʲôΣҶԽ侲
ҵ£ҪλʦүȻЦĿɶ񣬡ҩԭŵġ
ҶѯʵĿͶһˣ򶨣ʧܣɫֻԱ䣺Ҷˣ²ܡԭ죬ھǧ˭֪ãȻû¡
ûн飬ҩҶ磬ǧ֣Ҳ׹ǧԭԹУר˽ǣȴ׮ԣֻĸЧƽ˷ˣֻ΢ѡ˼ܣҩڣ뵽ûʹҲ޷
˭ϵһţԤȿȦף֪ҶһͬƣΪްҲֱҩȫ֮󣬲ͻҶҩԣҶ統

Ҳ֪ǿĺԲͨɵļϽ硣̹Ȼ䣬Ըķ䣬⴦ұǣҶ޹أҪǨŭ
Ǩŭ޹ءúЦȵر֫Ҷ磬ԸֻѡһĶ󡣡ͷҶһף̾ǼƷ
㵹ֱ˵ˡ˫°ճȭָ׶ѴСһδɣˮѸۣκκΡ
Կɣʲӵ⿪ȻҲܽϣԽٷԽá
ǡ̵Ӧһʱ˾Ѳж



Ӱ⣬ҪԿףֻʣҶˣһʱž
ģͻȻЦһƺЩ̫ˡҪԶ½㱻ұ֪ϲϣ
Ҷ籾˫Ŀ֮⣬⻰ɾۣ򲻿ɡһ۶õϷ񣬲ֻ֪˵Ц̲ס޺޵Ҫ⣬˿ɱңպҶҪ鰸
ҶǺ־΢΢һüֶظҶȼ䡣֪ΪΣһ˷Ҷĳ嶯뽫ΪΪµߴơ





11
ҴҶ룬ŵģþϵԿףòɫƴҶ˻ЦֹӽһǱ̫ĺáۣһˣҿɵһ᲻á
ҶŶȻǾ棬Цһͣ˽Ų뵽ܱһܻԭ򡣡
ֽ̧ӹԿףزףųݻɲϴ΢ĸΪã׷ɱö˶ѡ㣬Ҳһ˵䣬һһסҪµĴ˵ඪЦͷˡ
һһҶ翴мζ

һѽ⣬óЦһȴ뿪ϾҶ׼˫ķĿ㣬Ҫôźãôҵԡ㣬Ǹ鷳ɱ㣬Щ᲻á
Ҷһ۱㿴͸˵Ļ򴽣ΡҲ㣬㲻ָˡȴǶһߵԣˣ
ɱãΪ˱𡣡Ҳ룬ԥػش
ܺáҶչһЦ񾲣֪ӲʧҪΪұţ֪֮ǰҵѶع⺧ţʶ顣ף
ǡעãǴδй漴һԭŴһ˱˳Ӱ̽ûŽŲǺɣȥԶˡ

öôˣЩԾҲ᲻
֮ضҶð꣬Ȼ̱ûУɫȴվûʲôһĶǸĻᡣ΢΢һüЦЦסã벻ǣȴҪ㡣
һü鶯Ȼÿȴײҷ񣬳̾һҶ磬Ǵˣ֪ǽˣѣҲǲɱ͢ԱټΪеģ£׻Լҵġȷɱ㣬룬Ȳ˿̡
Ҷ绺˵ͷֻ֪ǶʲôһҪɱ
򶨹ˣҲһ£ŵؽҶ磺㡭˵ʲô
˵ΪҶɫݣĿ峺ˮгٳٲߣֿסңɱҲţĬȥЩΪʲô
žΣеͳȻȫͬŵЦ𣺡ΪʲôǶ
ƣɢƽ˶ľӢ˭Ͼҡ˭ܾȵңҶɱϧ֮壬ʧ֮ǧˡ
ŶΪΣ
Ҷһһ䣬ǳɱˡոǿȥƽأٶ༸ͬ⧲Σʵǡ
˽ҶԭΪУֳŰҶʵڷŷĿǶİȫȻʱδƽ߹زսĶ汻ɱǺεȺ䶯µĴ£ֻ¶ˡҶȥվǷŲ¼ҹ֡

̾һ٩٩̸
ͷµΣڴ˽һ£Խ֪ԽãǲȥͨġԣһʼǻȥԮʹˡ
书ߣվǽﶮٳЩ΢֮Щֲģһ䣺ȴȥҶҲһ
⡣Ϊʣּۻ֮ʣŻһնȴ֪ʲôϵ
룺һһ䣬ǵᣬʵȨŹسЩͣҲȻ֪ѣǶȵġǹټ棬˵Ŀɶԣ
ûҶЩƣЩڿʣ컰˵Ǵ򴽣״˼ǣ˱ˮҶߣι£ʱиҪû⶯е˽顣Ҷ΢΢һЦΪлٵȻܲҡ˵ǹټ棬͢ƶȡȲңൣʧ֣ٲնлҲ£һ֮ʱȲǿ֣Ȼȥ̸һʱ뷢ṦǺõģɺõܴңԽؼĵز
ԽԽܣԭ˼Ҷ˵ʧ֮ǧˣȴԲԸʹ䣬Ц˵᲻İȫȻżǣ⻰ЩЦգ
ҵ¡Ҷۣ

Щɻ󣬻ȥҶۿʼһһɿ֪ΪΣ־΢΢мֲȽ⿪ʢ˵ʱ˷ݽţЩڵڴ
Өľ¶ǰĳţҶļϸ£Ϻõ˿ȻЩȴص㡣徢˵ϣƬۣѪ۳һƬוУⴥĿġ
õ˿¾εȷḻһ֪ǷºۼȻȴѲǻŰˡֲ£Ҷ¶ͬŰС
ס֡ҶȻ䵭ҪٿˣҲһġû⵹ңֻĵַԾ˳ɱҵĻᣬɻŹ
ôڵԽϣĪãȻʵ޿״
ҶȴᣬΪǲšвһᣬҪҪǿ߽֮࣬£Žܱ¶ڱ˵Ŀ£ѿ֮飬ѵ£Ӳžĳס£˭֪Էлɡˣ֮£Ҳֹڴˡ
˫ۣٶ˵һ䣬ΨмŲܿƽµİӿеطҶĲԣһ룬֪ԭ򣬲ЩǸΣЩϧ΢΢ľ壬֣Ҷ罫ˣԲ𣬻Ҫһ£ĪҪ
 

12
ҹɫŨ˿֪ʱƮϢؽʪľ
ƽɽУڷ㼲ӡ

Ԫĩһ֪ΪʣҹƼ
зȫעܵ䣬û廳˵˵ʲô
ñڱеҶʾ䣬عЦһЦڲպƽ־ô˵
ѵҹۣںڰ˿̱ñţڻҰҹȫǵʹϰ־˿һؼϴÿһÿһζо
и뵽ҪѣжַΪҪѡ§ַεơ˵ùҪѿרעȫȻ
ЩѲһ֪֪¡ҶЩϰԵؼõùķרЩһȥȻ˼ԶƮţ༰ĸ־Ҳڵ˳

֪Ҷת£ΪǷƺط֪ҪϲСĸϵҲ֪ģͻȻ΢΢ЩǸ⣬Ц־°ΣҲ֪Ǽ˫ù鰸Ҳδ֪
ᡣٶʱᡣҶ΢΢һЦƣѹȻܿɱ˶˹֮ȴҲѣжȨ֮ƣǱ־⣬Ҫǣƣ˭ҲΪΪ
õҲ֡ĵУȻץסֻܺһ·ˡ
ֻ֪Ȩ֮ƣһҶҪ׷ѹ鰸õĴǻ΢΢𣺡֪ʶҡ
ˡҶ쵽ϴЦ𶯣һʱҲݸ룬ֻǲ¾ûеˡֻ´ʱ׼ʱѡʪĹ¡
ôþȵ漴Ҷȫѹ֣ҹˣɽҰּ꣬Ȼǳܵס
ԥһ£ûؿľѹѹųһƬ˵ˣӰҲûһ׷Ѿˡ½Ų΢˷򣬸ɽڼʯѸȥȴЦ˵͵͵粻͵ѩԽҹЩ˲Խ£׻õĹá



Ṧ䱧˸ˣƮƮѩմһʱѽɽ
ȴмת䣬ñҶߣѰ˸ܷ硢ů֮ŰĽ˷µء˭֪Ҷҩûֻ֫ȿ£§Ҷ磬бסѵļͷ䴥Ҷ¶ļȻȥһ㣬ֱߵ
뵽ķӣòɣжһҶҪ𣬺ҹ⴫ԶͽҷһߺˣС꣬Ҳܲңľġ
һ˵÷ѶɫҶ磬мҽٳİΣԵҪ𡪡ãַ㣬˵ֻ㣬ǲţ
ҶһҲܲ³Ҫʲôŵ˵ˣұš鷳գѾͿԡ
һʳָѹҶĴϣʱסδڵĻõ˿Ц⣺ա
ת´ָ±㽫Ҷȥһ£ʪšˮһ̾е˵꣬СҲһȥ
 



13
Ҷţѡʪ¶ѽˣһ࣬šֲִȥȫˮա
˽ӽҪԭҲܣȻù˵ٲᱡһ˫ֹؾأԵЩӲ
ƽɻ͵һĴ˿ͻȻתԣҲһ׮ֻ˵ȥֻʮ˵о˲šҶھУ鰮ֲ֮⣬⣬ûô˾ж쳣
ð̾ϢҶڻͣ壬ֽߣԭ飬װ׷ŹȻʱ֫壬еһķǣӣýţ֪᲻ᱻܷܳԵҹʯĿࡣ
˼룬תһ̣ϱɢ⣬и͸ļһһش͵Ҷڡ
ۼû˵չٲɫ˰Ȼ磬ò˿žƣý



Ҷ粢û˯šʯ϶˳żţ̾ϢҹҶţԽˡ
ƮҡʵҲһ㡣ѲһҪϱ񡭡ת뵽һΪβмӣȴøжԣһ³ֱĪٳ֣ʯȡů߲ԡ֣˻ľɥ
˼ǰֹ֪ҩԿʼˣ֫彥ܶҶŽŲ׽ľãֱһ˱ȥۿǾҪصײʯϣһ۰ͻȻӺҶε§ס



ԭû˯šҶͷõţ͵͵̾
ĵ㻹һҹܽڰмҶüͷ΢΢ǳ͸һɴתռߵĶׯشͬսֱۣʵô䣬ڵģ
䡣Ҷ§ȵĻĵװЩпǰôҲ뵽μͬеˣᱻƽɽȹɽףһϵҪ㣬ô˵һЦգ׼δã
ûϵҶڴʱʣһ˵ˣʱҵжԣҷҲ޷漴ֲ䣬׷ɢˣȥ
Ҷҡҡͷ˿̲أһʡ㲻ҪСµĽ˳ӥҰսһգ׷ٶ
˼
ҶĬ˰ΣڷʵͶ˽𣬻ǡ췴С˳ʲôˣ
㡭뵽ˡҲţ̾Ҳʲôˣֻͬѡ
ЩϵҶ绹Ǵһ£ͬ
ǰýһţ˭֪Ӱ֮ǣžû֪ˡ
ȻǷר˾ϢΪصİӰ֮ǡҶ粻֪ϲǣ³һ૵ΪʲôҪңı֮ﲻͬѰλܰ㣿 




14
֪ܱ֪ĺáڰпõݣ渵ƽʹݣ˵ҸΪ˺ããԭҲأֻǼˣѱе׵һաҶ磬ҲԸպ˵
ƽʱı治ĻһڣҶ綨Ҫ˽£ȻʱؽⷴĻյúﻹڵó΢΢ЦҲԳ̧Ҷĳһ˿ɱǶʲôԡ
ҹԽˣһʯ϶й룬ʯϵѰɣҶסʪأҪæȫϡҲ֪⣬˳סҶ֣̾Ӳ۷Ҷ磬ӡʱ㲻ηԣһҪΪϴԩ飬䵽Ҳ㣬Сҡ˵ķҲδص
һ˵ÿУ͸ЩΪݵĳҶ粻ܲţҲܲΪ֮ݣ˼Ŵʣ䱾κԹӢ;ҲǶеġ·ѾΪβͶ˳ͥҶΪһǰ̡־Σ

ΪȰң㿪ʼΪôҶ磿ô˵һ˿Ц⣬ƷǷҶȴܿ
ʲôмϵԴȻοͬˮ𣬵жԵߡ
ҶȰѹ齵֮ȷʵ棬жǳԻ䣬ʵԡ

˵ҶסԲ˲Ŀɽڰδ˴ԥѶϣȨұ֪ȥȻ±㱻ǻʱֽϾϿǺεȵպգתۼȴ˹꼻һ֡
벻ΪҾȴ侲ףҶҲòΪ֮շȴµҺγ֪˼䣬վֵһٶԹҪǵѪȾҵĹۣ£οǸʵۣҲʲôĵƵġӹŵΪôзңٱ񲻵òЩˣɶǱƵûл·˲ŽҸ˵ġ



֣ҶﾵףȴԸ˵΢ЦΪʲôҪ˵ǣĳǺЩ˲ͬˣ̸¼ʶһ˿ɱȡ
õʦȷʵһȴǶξѳ⣬ԸĹزԣѼ뷴Ҳƣ飬Ҷ񣬾ϸ΢в
Ҷһ§ˬЦôȤôȻԴ̽ҵֻȴϢˣ³ӳԲƣء
֪ǲԸ̸һҹûкϢ˵ҹҶҲȷʵƣ뵽ЦһЦȻõļ磬˯ȥ



췽ףʼ֮ʱطԡ
ϰ֮ˣϰ峿οҹбˣ˯ȻаվЩĪĲƻ̻ƻϲ´£Ҳף˯Ȼ̫ȡ
ľ쳣ȸ׷ɵ죬ǳٴظ޵ԶԵʣѽȦסɺΧ֮ƣȴǲʶˡ
˭òҲ֪˶޳𣬽˭ر֮졣
Ҷ磬˯ҡѣҶۣһʱЩ漴ʱ֫ȫȻָһ±ǽ·ϣʣôˣ
ˡ
Ҷһ,δ˼Ǹ,оһ׵Ĵ,·𡭡͵鱻ץסһ. 




15
ɱɽĲľ
΢΢ɫɽʯ޵ƮȸһҲЪֹҼֳӯ߿תļ䡣
ƽһɽÿ峿ûЩѩġһû¶Ĺ㣬ûܺá
Ҷװͷ棬ߣ翴ɽ¡ֻûڹ㣬ɳֵͬհףһ̣ǿʲô΢ǸҿŶûҵ
ȻҲܿóҲúųӥǧˡǣȴǾκĳȣԽǽԽ򶨣΢΢Ц죬˲࣬һ١١İˣǡ嶼һָӣִ֮ˣֻ±Ƕľˡôࣿ
ҶһΪѵǣٺĿ컯֮£һΪٹƾ࣬ҲҪίߣȲ˺ģֻȴ
һҹ紺ദƽм㣬ƺԼʾãǵжȴ׺֪ҶͻȻǰĪ⣬ϸ飬ҪңһкѣƫȴԸ𣬱ڲç֮䣬Ҳ֪Ϊֻпԡ
֪棬ǷնҪ֮뵽Ӣ˻ʬҶ羹Щ̣һ˵Ļѳڶ
ʰɣͶվҪֵġ

ųȴֺڣĶţǫǫöȻֱ˵ֵһء
ҪԾûع۾͸ϲã
粻뿴ô
ҶĪ΢΢һȣ漴ɽҫϣ͸һĨΣ紦ӣüĿȴһ尶֮߱⣬΢ЦЦվڷƮƮֱ续֮ˡ
üƲ۾ԭǿ˲֮ˣ±§סʹ׽´һ֪Ϊȴ˼첻֣˽ֻǲԸҶϳֶѵıġ
˼ţعʱҶ˵ˣ񲻿ϧܻ򣬸Ĺ¡
˵ˡ֣סҶ죬Ϊҳ⣬ҺܸмҼȵ֪£϶ģһа취ȥġ



ľϤ֮ԽԽ̫յҶҲ˶ߡȥǰɽ©иɻѽһãûûΧ㻹ǿ߰գ֪ɽΡ
һǰɽܡȻһҹʲôõġƶɽһֻۣؿҶ磬Ҫ̼ҵȻҪ㣬ǰɽȥ£Ю㣬ΥҲвҶỤ㣬ۡ
ҶЦԷǣؿڵãΪʲôˣ
;һҰȫطʧ֡㣬û磬͢سǲçҶˣƲܵһҹ֮ԵԭЯͬԿѲܡύҶΥһҽԶģӴ˲볤磬ء
㡭Ҷһʱ˵δԣҶεȴ֮⣬һ֪Ҷദȥ᲻ȥȻ˽ύֻлõģݲ£÷֣γΪУվҲǴ֮ټշҶһֻܸɱ֮οѱҪңֻҲҪҶҾ֮һܡ
Լ䣬͸һ⡣ֻ⾿Ǻ⣬Ҷ粻Ը룬Ҳȥ롣
ÿȻŲ֮ա
µ棬Υ޿κδݽӢܳͥ߹Ρ

㡭ҲءỊ̆Ҷ絭һЦ̧Զ߷塣



ô߰աùʼʩһѱסҶڻҪȴֶΣЦм¶˸˵ǼСİӣû㡪ǲٵģȷʵǻһ飬Ȼȴǲ⣬е֪һЩϢٷ䱻׷ɱҵɱӳǽ׷ᣬʩƽɱˣҲˣŻᱻŵĲۺͿԲɻ׽ȥʵϴЩɹĻһҰӰе¡Ҳûôɫġ
δǿȣ;һҶ⻨Ĵ,οδûǼϷֽЩ
ÿһ§Ҷһһ£ֻĪҪᡭ߰ա
һչҪǰӣವһ켲ƿգһ֦Хö߲ɽЦһһӼ˿ģã˳
ãΣô 



16
ĳεºܣûΣЦӸȥͶүݣʵǲʤ֮
˸Ȧͣ§סҶֱ֫ϡҶʱýڻ˿˶ֻЮΪʣȴù˼ĿĶǡ
ֻ¹ش󣬹ٷͨԭǳţѧʿֺεȷ֤Ҳֻܰ˼֮ڿڡ
ǽǸϲŭɫȻзŭҲֳһӣɽʯˢˢһ㵶֣λεֱҫۣ΢΢ͷҶ֪û°գ
Ҷ϶۹⣬֪ΪһȿʩʱļҪ£һοؽѵĻȦȦϸ΢Ķ˾죬ֻжɫøˣ䵭ãǴ־ܰɣҪν
һ֧֧źļأϣ£Ϣ׼ΣɱȻΪľעš
ôóȣͻȻЦһðգ
Ӱ羪һ֣Ҷ磬˲ϸ֦δӰ£ԾԽȥԽԶ
ż
Ѹײڶ֮䣬ȣ£һھʿǸ˵ģҲ룬һűʿмȳֱ£ڶſǰٷѭһϣһ˺װ޼һʱռ缱꣬ƿ֮ಲֱӰȥ
ǧϸҶɫǷ£ٶ˾䣺ҡһ§Ҷ磬һֳ´һ˾ϣڿлһбϵļʸʯǽ׷׹䡣

ɫԽףѵͻȻʧˮ׼ҲõṦȷʵߵٿ鲽ʵΪҶ֣ǵ¹һԱ˭ҽָ׼ʱ鲻ԽرֻܿõıӰ䡪˼ְţʮɱŲɣǲŽˡ
ҡ
͸ޱŭ⣬һѶ߾ʿеĹ΢ۣϢ̥عԲһǲ֦׼ҶӰϽ˶ôˣҲ֪Ǿ̾ԼӵľǾη⣬һ˵һƬֻ׺ХҪҶ·
óһҲû뵽¡֪Ҷ粻ȴϾ˹򲻿Ҷ˵ģʯһ´סңһȥ֦Ҷ米֦ȴҲ֮
һж̫죬һʱ䶼ûУòѵļͷӲһֱֱͣش͸õļѪ⡣
˶飬ֻǶ͹ˣһ˵У̱纣𣬽ȸ÷ȥһһҶҲʪصҺ壬ȴٲֻĵضס֦ڵѪļ⣬ܣ֪ǷһԻˡ
õĺůůڼϣҪһ㣬˵ڵȴǾ𣺡磬ҷֱʱˣ㡭ѣĪҪ̫棬Ϊһ롭ٳնǧСġ
Ҷ̧ۣ˫ĿӣһͻȻ󱳾һȥ·˵ӣٲ֦ơپãΨоͶԷеĳ
һ˲䣬ʲôʣļֶΣԶԶ˿ȥֻʣֱӵġĵ׵ı˴˽ĽΪһʡȴиȥ·վҪ

Ҷ翴ã໰Ҫ˵޴˵𡭡ȻһſڣסεϵһγҺ壬һζڿлЦءҼˡ
Ҳ΢΢һЦʲôҲ˵ĪĵζһɣҡҡϷſҶ磬漴ͷҲأһöڵײѸɢƬ̣оȥ˲ʧӰ



Ҷ絹ڵϣ׵壬Ҳ˲٣ûȴЩǺȲֹʱһַֻסļۣصǹػĻҶˣһҹˡ²ɲ飬ȥдӣ⣬ҲЩҪϸ㡭




17
ڴذΧѣ֮ŭ֪ʿͽӪƽַųʮֻŸ룬ʹɣһسвͣ
Ҷ䲻֪Ҫ֣ôض᧿ΣȴǴ˵ġ
ҲΪ쿴ƣΪܾҶسǵ󣬲˶ΣҶ˻ñƽҲһڴֱؾ

ĶҲȥҵڻǸ棬ЦţһђסҶ°ͣСŭ𣬡Ҷ磬ĪҪҰĹٷؼ֪ô
˵Ҷ磬󲽶ȥת۱ʧ
Ҷ羹ûʢŭĶǡӡУλӵٷŭҲЩͷֶЩܻһϲʧ̬ġ벻ձһƣƳ
ҶΪɻҲ֪˶䵽Ҫնɱķݡ˵ģЩ˽ڣҪȻҲʱ֣дɣĪðͷŶŮƣĪ˶һͷͷ
ȥȴûһ뵽ϡ

һᣬҪ죬ҶҲ͸ˡתʿҪֽīдۣ֮ȴַ˳ǲȫʵдģѧ׷ӱҲˣҪд٣дȴҲǸѵ⡣
ѸŻ޸ɣˡҺһ£Ҷڣϸϸ˼ţ磬Ҳдɣ֣뻳С

һնӰҶľƣѯʾʿȴһ֪֮вһڱ˯ˡ˯ҹȴԶף˻ѡ
һԽԽͣҶݾӵǰ
ҶЩɲһƣӵŶ󲽶룬󻹸ҽҩľҽ
ˣ
ĵƹ£Ҷ簵ϸϸŷ˵ӦǶӢȷʵղ԰ۣ࣬ϢҲǲȣʱд٣ֻ˵زˡ

ʱ˧ӣֻһź̳ɵĴҶ¶ʶȤÿɵ˽ְ˽ŵط£ҽһһߣ˶¡
һѪģػµ˿ӳ˲Լͬ˿
ôصˣǿ߶һҶ޳ҲЩ
ʱ﷿ˮϣҽѭʩϴ뵶ż˶̲סʹԳݷųļ⣬ʾһ㣬ٵĿһעǵ˿ڣжϾε¶֮ɫ
裬òҶﰵ˸£ë̺ӪһվڣѾ͸һʵڲ֪Ѹǳȥĺã¡
ҺþҽһľҶ𣿶үΣûˣ˯,Ȼһүա


Ҷغʵϣǰǻ˯ȥĶһ綹΢΢Ʈҡ˶˳ȥǰֻʣҶˡ
΢΢һ£˫ۻ߶ҶģǻЩ㱣ǡ
ĳʱҪѹһߡ
ҶžҽĻϵҩЦȻʡˣҩաҽҽǼá
ɫҲ֪ʹڷŭźںҩ֭˰Σڽӹһں¡
Ҷ˿漴֪˵ʲôãҲ˵ӹϣĬĬ
֪˶ãͻȻһ·Ѱȥҵ˷ӪأҴټ侪ˣôһѾŶˡգҪ֣һܡ
ĪԣŻȻ˵ŵľ
Ҷͷϲүֽҵ
ҵӰЦһ£̵Ҳȥǡ
Ҷ΢һԥô
񣬶ҶϣֱҪƵΪģǸã
˵£ҶǿЦү⻰Ӻζ
ͻȻŭһ죬סҶˣ治СҶֻԾŶһ·ƪҶ磬Ϊͥ٣ֻᷴһҹþػ㡪ҪƱ磬ۻûϹҪٳ㣬ָ᲻סѨ΢šʲô˼Ǿʱ˼ȻҲأΪͥҲҪˣʥ֮Ҳ׶ˣ˵ҹǾʲô
 



18
Ҷ󱻶յۣ˦֮ѣָ𲻾Ҳŭүأýٳ¹ٵԻּ֮⣬ȴҲүſڿӣ顣һʣΪ֪ѺӦ֮壬δ֮У
벻ҶȻáѺáһ־أЦǷı壡ҶĪɣ
˸Ĺ£Ҷһ䣬񽥰Ҳøݣһһ˲ţȰͷΪΪЧ⣬ʥ֪ˣҲֻаûйģүαʥ֮ǰң
˶ǹٳıģһףҶ̧ϵѹˣŭɽ·ԶȨգڶʥϣʥΣҽҪն࣬ԹҲҺΣʥԣӲΣǽ֮£ȰҶŴһЩҪЧ˾˭
޾޸ı֮ԣһʱ㹹ҶȻĿעãŭɫƽŻүʲԣһֶδ壬үţ˿ɱҶҲ޷ȴһҪȰ֮£ֻı󶯣ûδȴĵӿڳүˣ֪ܲ
һڣҲ֪ʧԣҶ˵ȴҪֱָĴĬȻΣſҶ֣龹ЩįʳǧΪȴûһ㡪Ҷ磬ҷŵĻϣҲǴһ
δǺ¡Ҷ౻ճѪҲԳأүүֻݰǰյĸ

һҹ磬ţƤķ϶䴵˽ҡ˼ҡ
˯աջг̡һŲŲڳλҲһɣûбĴҽһ¡
˵ҲҶ磬ԺĿһƽϢѽ˯硣
佫ĺôգ˵˯˯šҶ̾˿߹ȥǵıҴ룬ȴë̺һϣϣ֧öߡ
˫Ŀգȴ糱Ŷջ־ϧݲλҲӲʷһʴλӢ˸ˣôʱ֪ںδձ£Ͻȴαס뿪ｭɽ续ﲨΰӿٷϣһ󣬾ԭʱܵաţҲ˯ȥ



ʱѴҶ緢Ѳ֪ʱѵ˴ϣѽ⣬ظסӣůغԱȴǿյģҲ֪ȥ
ɻ󣬲Ĵݣ룬󻹸СʿһˮëһľʳУϰڿҲ׷߲ţ֮࣬ȴǾģ硣
ɫҹ֮δһڣʱ䣬ϴԷաǰȥˣоҲҪʱϡ
СʿǰҶ紩𴲣עţҶ缫ϰߣŵүɷ񡭡
һЦ֪˼˿ȥھУôིЩաҶ磬ǰбԡ
Ҷ԰֪𣬲Ӹ飬Ҵϴ˸ϵߣǣеǣһٷԵÿνʳ֪ζ֮

ͣ⡣һҹ䣬ԭפƽǧҲо˹ƣױȻ࣬һȺ׳ɡ
صͷķһҹо޾ݣҶӥ۲ۣ
ۣ
ףɽȸᾪɡ
ǰа˰෴ѱ˶סûģǣ
һȫЦص
ǧ԰˰٣ٲӮҲҪˣ
үģܽӬҲӲߣ
үЩɣ

һʱȺ£ʿҶ簵пţвܲñз
ʿսȫƾһ֣һĶıߣǧ;жѵ֧ŵסҲо⣬񱻶赭д仰һ˵ʲôƣ۶ԾԾԵķ£ѹֶս޲˸ӧδ򰡡
ĬĬ䣬˵ʲôû壬㱼׼ΡҶعʱѱʿӵְ䵹Ҳ漰ӣҲĪЩܣһֱǰӥִ׷жȥ




˵ط֪βеֹۡ
ԶһɽɭɭɽնŨܣ£ֻһʯֱͨɽǱνһ򵱹أĪ֮ء
վǧ֮أറ˰衣
һٷεĽ׳ӴҴӭɫޣүүȺ̫թ𣬾Ͳʱ˳Ҫ׷˻ȥǿΣǴ˻˲ٵ֡ܣү𷣡




19
Ҳ𻰣һױȡǧﾵǰϸϸضסɽͷȥȻϢҲҴ
ζǧﾵЦԬߴǰ棿ɽ̫գҲѹ֡ôˣ˵գ̵ʱЩ
ԦʧϳͲԬߴ˴ξΧ޹ԭΪҪһ⣬˭֪ǵŭο˵ԬߵѴԬҹޣ⻰һȣ
æգգ۾գ⣬һүʾ¡Ԭ߾ҪҲҪɽ
˵նʯ
ļ磬ȻһЦֵܣŵù㣡·ͣٲķݣֻ㲻֪µǷҲһ޾壿

Ԭ߲һһڣΧݴСϡʯ󡭡̴վϰʿͷҴЩ˻ˣȴ
ֵǣүǲǺӣ
Ԭ߳һҶ΢в죬֪ҪοóԬһ룬ˢˢ˦ȥ£̻¶ʵţʱֵĩΪͺɽ紵ϼ絶ϰȴûһɪüĬضס󵶳ǹϵĺ֪Ǳ绹Ǳɱֱ졣

˸ңҲɲݣ˫һãλţɽ·խҾȻϲȥʩչֽţҲһҷſˣֻʮһΣȻӭҲݵ°ˡ·꣬ʤǱ˭ס˭˭ʱˣ֮ս˭Ҫԥھ˳ηս۴
׵£ԣ˽˴ûһ˳ûһԶ
ҶһۣҶһݣ˼һ۾ʾֻԵãѷŻĿɨӹܣܺãȻ֮ʿҺ˲ߣжߣиδߣУ
سٳɣӶ߳ʮˣ࿴Щ˱߻ȥ
ˣաһֹ֣סǣºЦλ֪ˣôеô򣬲ؼʱһȥԮɡ
Ԭѽʣ²ټɶӣһɫĳʣүԸһΣǲʤ飡
áһЦתͷߵĽͷ죬벻ǵŲǡȥ׼ޣǷɡþûǵļգҲ֪мóԶùȥ
Ĭ˸ǣҴ˺ԤȥˡҶϸüһ˿Ϊ⣬佱ԬһġҶǺεȴˣΨԽ£ԽǾġ
Ҫӵ뵱ʥɳط굶ʱ¹˭ʵǲ֪

һʰԬʸҲԼϢһֵ̣־һ䣺ǵʤ׳־ӭ۽ƳһߵҶ磬ֲһ䣬ͼĵѧʿཫΪ鱨ϭġ
ʱ飬ҶҲܲȾǰһȻ֣λƣ˾壡ѧʿҶ磬ڴ˹
Ϳõٹ⡣ȥɡŵһ䣬սʹչ







ͳĳӣǰ£ʯһڣʱŻټ뷢ңңػƳգһһ߿裬׼׼䵽зɽƽ̨֮ϡ
ŨǱŷɣмŵзҵĽƿԼŮľޣԬʯĳϧһӵʿ䣬һȺƻĶԱɱ˽ȥԷǴֲһʱڽڰˣȴ׹֪ڴһ٣ס˽ţؿҲʮʮҪĴ򷨡
ǧﾵۼѪɣݰصȥЩ֫еģԵԽҧҶӲȴδ̣֪ɫ԰ףҲЩҡҡ׹ˡ



ҲաʱסҶ磬ȡǧﾵĵһ̣Ӯˡ




20
Ҷ綨˶񣬻ؿǿһЦһ̡ү£Ȼͬ졣
⻰ΪЦЦıžκ˲
˵ȥǽɻ⡣ԹҲо󣬶䣬ѽҲɨ˽ȥȻϣҶ粻Ըʹ˶̸תԣǰشһͻȻ˱ʡ
˵עͬʱȥ
ûȿߣи̽һСܴɽ£үͷķԳΣҪү̸
ΣȻ۾һҶҲΪ֮һ
ǰ֮ңʱؿԽʡͥȺ˶Žܣȴ˸Σʣٲû޳˭ͷ֮벻Եɣڴ˵ϡ

˿̷嶥һѱΰΧȻ࣬ۼҪһٳܣ͸µʿ޲ЅȻ
δóʲôһڽ಻ס˷ܣְ۷Ź⣬ԾԾߣһȥơ
ȴǸˣЦЯҶ֣ʯȥҶ΢һе֮ѣҺô˾ҲݣҲȥˡ

ʯ׼ֱеɽҶ٣ʲôҡףߵɽ·ѪȾģɽﶼ˹ζÿ˵ĿڱǺ
طխʬѵصв֫Ϻ洦ɢ䣬Ҷ翴һĿѣŻΪζҪǿסѣԭϵѻ߲ȽŲ鸡֮ʡ
ƽ̨ҶϾǰȥ˵ƽ̨ҲǷԲʮɵһʯأٿգ£һɽʯӲݴֹһʧ޵ǷһЩӰǷһǣһΨһͨʯˡ
ԸȽȴˣס㽫Ѱͣսе˫ΧˮйͨԬȫҲʣشţԼ˵˹ǣʱȥҽˣԱҲ滻
ʱʤѷ֣޿顣
һ˱սˣʣˣѱƵ±ϣǱ˺ۣǲ˵ˡ֫໥֣⺷ûһģΪһߴԽڶƽΣ˭Ƕ˵
ſҶ֣ڲȰǰǡͷʲôԱ˵
Э̣֪ܰ쵽δֱ˵ȻѪ棬ȴԺˡҶ֪˱·Ϊ˿ϧ
ɫ䣺˵
һıҸȥŹЩֵܣҵȵļҾ죬޹أ벻Ҫǡ
һһֵصɹȻһЦܡ˵ˣҲʵ㣬ı֮޿⣬㣬ͬˣͳͳǸնûн֮ǵļҾ죬򲻵Ϊūǧȴⲻ˵ġ飬Ҳƭ㡣
Ҳȣص֪ҲܸȫܻӹȥһЦֵǣ׼ˣ㣬һ޵أ
һ˿죬ջҪжȴһѵȣȻľȥ˸ԥʮ˾󣬷׷Ծ¡мģٱһ׽סȻ㿳пҲδеģ벻Уڶ£ǻصȻްɡ
ڳٱŶɱ꣬ʶν㣬ȴû㼤֮£ɫ΢΢԰ף֫ҲӲסһ㣬ţһʱֻް졣



ȥʬģˣлģͬҾһСѺͽ꣡
ȴƼžϲǱһҶȴƵһǷȴҲʿ֣мˡ
Ҷ羪֮࣬ȴҲһ£һ·ȴǲõ٣پɽͷϸϸѹҲδ֡ԭȱ㲻ڴ˴֪ȥˡҶǣȴǰĵöˡ

ɽˮ͵ӪɨսǼ˱࣬з²İ١£˶æûڵأҶУֻд۲ᡣ
ڶףһ̵Ҳ￪ǳͥɲ֮϶Ҫױʼ͵ģҲżԱ˻ƣʢȫ
ҶƹʲʤϯصڡæҲû˹˵õͬޣҺö飬Ҳѣ֮δͣϢҶҲٶԡ
أʤҶΪ֪Ҫοʵģ˼ţοڸҪظֱзءӰһΣ˽Ӱ̬⡣





21
һܣҶסͷЦô칦ְաͻȻԾס˿ڡͷȻƵʹ΢ԴӽߣӢ䣬ȴعâ
ǹâʲôҶÿΣǿнʱжƵ档ֻ˴εĻ棬ȴƽκһضҪңһ㣬Ҫ˽ȥ
һʱ׹ȵסҶ籾Ϊһۣ޳Ҳֱͬ̾ԼϲǰֻŰģ˭һۣͬԭȾһ޶
ֱӣҶؿӣӷǿʢҪ£¼便мסѿıƴջ۵䵽費Ϊĵزίʣ˭飬˭֪
°£º֮
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Ҷϵı飬Ʈҡ⣬һգԻ󵽾㵣Ȼŭδ˾һ֮ľƵöҲĪһȴȼøϽۼ˷ſ

һѽҶڻס򢣬׼˫ȥⲻסڶԷţƵҶװ֪Ҳɵãһѣʱʱ
⻹ǶһҶ缫ؿཻ֮ǰֻǲܲˣֱӽ롭˷Ϊλı䣬ҲסԴ֪Ҷ类𣬶оĪ˷꣬Ҷýã໥ػʱŭ֮࣬ĵҲϵļۡΪүִƾȨҪʲôʲôһ仰ȥضɽҡ˭ҲΥȴûһˣҶԴ䣬̹ύһԼȺϣ֪֮ѡ
һнҶأߺ󣬶еķ겻ûһձһոս£ʲôսһˣеķ궼ֻ˵ռգȴҲͲסˣϯϼҶϯҲŸϻءµ˷˼ֻȫѪҪпһ㣬޿̣ſ˫۱Ҷ籧ȥ



Ҷ磬⼸Ҳˣڽݱ빦δطŹҶĴȴ˶ơһĶһ૵ضŶ˵⻰ԭģֻлȻӲҶİǺĸο֮⣬Ҷȴȫ෴
ʲôʱΪͣҶһҧŶᱡһöŵһǶȨ»ȡһ㡣
ԽҵȴܽҵùƭסҶЦţԥҧȥ



ƺһʹȴǿѹ֡һ̣Ҷڿն𣬱ڴϡѹȥֱһȦݺѪȴᣬһתһ죬Ҷѱ𿪣˵ҧˣպ϶ѡ
ٴ޼ɵȥûʲôܷĴ࡭һ˿ҺϢҶĴɫ⣬£Ҳͣ˺±Ҷ¶һϮƵĳ㼡
ĺ䣬ݳͳģ֣ſҶľ˵ЩʲôֻۣȴżеĨʹ֡
ȴûжҶɻۣϷ˼һ˫
΢΢һЦŲæҶ˫ȷֵøҲŽ룬֣ưŪδģҶڣͦҶıҲĮתɻ̻о˵㣺㻹δζգҽ㡭
ҶŭĿӣȴ·ŵط֮δµԱظŪ£ӲͬʱһİģѰͷſڵļ򢲻֪ʱѱ,ղȾϴɫɹһˮҶܾúŷ֣ڿеǴѿзҧסȴָοٶݳͬʱҲһʹ

֪˶ã׷𽥽Ϣֹйаؽ硣Ҷ΢нĴζÿ־循¡ʹʹ־ȴ侲ΨһԳ֣Ψһİοȴڷȫơôˣһԣ̬ҲҪѡ
ճ䣬ƬҺմʪòܣҲҪ۶ϰۣҪǣҶ缫Ըټߵӣ¶ԷȻ˯šȻŲֱۣҶ߳⡣



󣬶ʿƣ˯ˣֵڵĸڼҶ磬֪ĹͣҲӪȥҶǿž»˵̶ˮʱȫҪɢˣ̶ߵɽʯԣҲһ
Ʋ͸һ˿ߣ㲻峺ȴȻӳǰ̶ˮͣЪҶȷ˺󣬻⿪ˮȥ
Ľˮ̴⣬ҹɽǱعǣȻ̹ǵˮʲôϴȥϣϵۻࣿ
ƣ̫ס⣬ҶˮУһѣٲߣˮԽأӽ¶һ㣬˻ҡҡҪһͷ̶
һҶȻֻۣһ˲䣬˷ӹˮ棬סѣӻذߡ
Ṧмܼȫ¹§һůĻʱߴһ𣺡ǲôҶ޻ɡҲ̧ͷ
 
22
޳ָ˳Ҷɢĺڷ»ʣľɪɪķȴֻ΢΢һЦû
Ҷû,ɽ紵Ҷ糱нָؿڵȴԽԽĿɬ
˵ؾڴӪһ࣬ɽӰԼɼϢ˵ֻɺϣҶƲš



㡭Ϊɱģ
š˭Ȼᡣ͵ӦһҶץƼֱ꣬תȡ
ҶĬȻΣҲܼɣָ磺ϵļأôơ
õҶϣţ£Ҷָ׾±üͷ΢壬Ҷ绹ûü˵ЦСأްġҪǼҩǰվ͸úˡ
ҺüҩҶͣס֣૵һ䡣
ȴԸûС㣬ס»գЩЩϵǻ򻹲䵽ȫս



еǼǶִͣҩһˣҪˡ׿Ȼѣºɽ˯죬Ҳ˴βϵʱ
ʾΧɽ֮ûãǴ˹ʡ

ҶʹǰսĲңҲܣ΢̾㲻𡣱˲֪ܸ׵ģνɽǿҲֻǿ֮ĩʡΧѹϣǶΣܶ´ΣοҲδؿġָﷴ˼ô
΢΢һҶ˵ûΪᣬĶɣԭȸþദƽƽʱȥʮоųҪѶȨԭҲĵ׵鷳һֻڲҲܵĹؽڣҶε֪뿪Ҷְ֪ˣЩĽ֪֪֪֪
뵽ڲֻңʱãԽԽԣĿǳһΪ˽ʧ⡭ǵµԽĺΣسһȻǴȥˡ
Ҷ罫ѹüϣһ䣺ܸ֦
ҡҡͷĿעҶ磬һĨǳЦ磬ΪҺãҺܸмпΪвΪǽˣԼҽɽȴҲδؾ̫ƽĲۣ֮սԹûƽ㿴ʮ˶ٲƣ˶ٱԱףݺȴǸܣˣûκֻǮƽ۸˰һأƿĻǰա磬ţ£зڡ

ҶʷҪ˵ʵȻˡԥһ£͵͵ֻ˵Ҳ˾׳˽ɽ
ЦһЦΪŹ֣Ѿ֪İգαң
ѣȻǽ御٣Ϊˣֻأ»᲻ЩҶЦ̧ͷõ˫ңԶȸȸ̳ҡЩңֻҲֻܶ˵ңɲɣ



ɫӳҶĲϣͶˣһ˫䣬ȴƽﲻеãȻ
һ§Ҷ磬̾Ϊһ㣬ôҲûˡֻܾ£ˣƾĶۣɱϣԿطŷ磬ʵۣԭԹҪǿϧʱʮǰԹΪݣͽ֧ˣʮݾֱϽڳͥ룬±Ȩͳͳһֵأν֪֪ӥҲˣӥͣɿù֮Ҫƹ̫߱ڣʦʮѵǰźÿô
ţӰҲûҶ紹ͷ૵
ֻһЦһٶԹԴңͬĿɳ֮һ˵ܽɱˣҲǸܾˣ´ҵĸ֡£ҾͲ˵ˡ㣬㲻ͳԾӵôдı֮Īǣ㾹
˵ĩβ鲻Խ¶һ˿Ŀ˵Ƿ漴죬Цԡ



ҶֻЦѣһ죺ѧɻĪЦ
͸Цִ̳췴ҪһЦָޣҶϵɫ֪밲οңˣҲԸٶ˵һҪɱģν֮𣬲죬㲻Ҫҡ
ֻҲˡҶЦһ˼£ͷۡ



ҹ˵꣬˲֪ĬҪ˵Щʲôȴ־ãžԣҲǼõġ
ХɽʯȴһƬҶϸĵؽڻȻ󲻺ϳ棬߾ĳ涼ˣҶҲ⣬ۣ˯˯
֪˶ãҶͻȻһ䣺ҸûӪˡ
صߣ
ҶҲȣĵȥɱģȴû֡˰գ
ץҶһúһҼҲͦܵģûǡ
Ҷ紹ͷûг
֪˵أҲҶ粻̰֮ˣ뵽Ļ˵Ļ棬һŭӲĳеĻ˻ȥ

ԶͻȻԼӣ
 



23
ˡҶ羲Զ֣΢ЦƷǷ
ͻȻҶЩԣǾʲôطԣȴһʱҲ벻һ˲䣬ֻǰ˹壬ɽһ˵ļįܡңԶ
סֻ֣ڶ磬Ҵߡ
Ҷã޳ۺ䣬Цҡҡͷ֪ʧԣ΢΢һ죬ǿСˡ
û£ҲǿһԱҶվҲɱҵġ
ĵϱɱ񶾵ķӿɻкܶ࣬ȴҲԸᣬҶɫһգЦұ㲻ˣȻȥգз߿Ժҹϴˣอأ֪ô
ʡ˰仰ºˮǺอΪ֮ɵģҶѧ峵᲻ֻ֪ǵһЦŸñء˵˵ģҶ˵ˣǴˣȻãҲȰ㣬ֻǲա
Ȼ̨·꣬Ҫ㣬ԭڲɫ̹һЦȥ޵ĩһɱ⡣

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ӵȺУǰһ˫ŷâȴ˭ϬɭɨҶ硣
ҶͷˮʪϾ纣˿һɢڼϣźԲ԰׵ļߵĶׯһķȤȴƫֻ֪ǴһҾ΢üүҹ㽫֪Ϊ£
ȻУŵӣһ˫еּҪʲϰԵȥ§ˣȴֻտյϸȥͬӪʣӰҲޡ
һͬСɣһ˲ȻӿͷȻΪ˷ʧػ³⣬ȴҲ˼غһˡڣָֻ򾲡
㣬ӪӪⲢ״ӪڱҶ˶ɽȥˣһѲ֪ҶȥΪŭһȻ뿪ֱʱԼԼšѵĲ֮µ˶ɽֻ뽫׽أѵһ»زٷ
һѰ棬Ҷ羹Ȼûһ㣬ȻڣɢԡˬȻѡΪ¡
ĵ۹һתżҶ´׵ǾȴҶԭõһ漴һŭֱڣҶ磬ҹ͵Ӫ˽ˣ˾˭Ҳ֪
СɵϰԣŭԽǳţǰ׽ġҶҲô
Ҷɫƽ˫ȴ¶ɫ°Ծ裺үЦ¹һնıֻϴ壬׽ġ
㵱ȻûСǳЦţһƽҶ磬쪣ߴӰͺˣеģֻͬģüĿģ
ѽҶԣһֳ´ҧʲôţˣҲˣɽҰȲǹ¶ˮԧ֮޳ܣ
ҶѺѪɫҰһƬ´ȻѵģǷл˼Կɱ硣ҶԣԸαǵ˵ûãȴֱϣãװʲôûֻĬĬͷ֮ܶ

Ҷ粻ΪĬϣиŭּ˵ķߺ޶ʊڲѣһƱ˳ȥ׼׼Ҷϣ֮ͣ˲ǰוļĺӡ
δʢŭһǹһݵ֪񶾵ĻеıʿôˣҲ͸סǵ
Ҷ类У£ǿվȣϻʹʹȴĻһѰ񵶣̵ǧٿףѪ졣
Ӷ΢΢ĲҶ粻ȥȴһѱסߵ軹ڼ벻֪ʢѧʿ½гǸӻ㹻ҹﻹҪӪˣ뱻Ͼ˵һµС
סڣҶҲ޿̣һȣֹסе
ҹɫŨڣڷʿϺޱ飬һ̥ľܣһƬţֻżֻ֪С淢֯֯졣
ʲô£ʲôҹҶ۹⻺䵽ϣĿޣҲΪ֮һ
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Ҷͷ˿ѪۣȻ̧ͷȻһЦ֪νǣ֪νҺ󣡡лӻ䣬ԹתȥھʿþҲ裬ȨˣȴѾסˡ

ԼԼ֪ƺЩʲôѾٲܻˣҶԭȶѻһ־أҲЦ۹£˺ֻܰ²ˣȻǿռӣȴġȫȻˣԭҪҶ硣



24
ҶȥӰ밵ҹУʧ
ɫ粻һ˸Ҷ໰һҧ֣Ǵӳݷųһ㣺õúܣҴӪɷȥһ졪Ҿ֪һȺˣһȺȥӪѲڼʧְÿʮͽ䣡
ԭķδйʢŭʧ̬ҪйԱڣֻССʮ˿ҲĿ¶м
ʵ˵Ӫ˵ԶԶ˵οǺε֣Ѱܾ죬ӲҪֵϣиǨŭϣֻϢŭЩ֦ҶĩҲۡ

Ƕͳ죬ŹⳣˣսӲ˶͵ѣֻôŵӣлүϢŭĸ֣ҲֻοǹѲӪټǡôʱӦûԶ룬ү׼Ҵȥѡ
һŭõ֪Ҳû׷ϡϸһ½ɽ֣ʲô֩˿ġһȥĪҪɢ·̻ǰ
ǡöȣһ񣬴Ҵұȥ

Ҳɡڷվ̣꣬һȥֻ׽УӲ
ڶĵףȴΪ֪ҪҶաĪأ뿴ҶĮӵɫȻҲ֪ڻȥһɫ
ѣԭý˹ϵġҲӦ߹ȥЦҶȥ棬Թ
ǣжļ֣ЦﺮΪλΪҶȱһЦ
ڵȴЩʲôЩʲô


һڣصӪʱɫƽһһȾ˲ʣڸסǵľ
оʾǰü˽ŲһоҴӭǰ˫ųһݾڣүʦӼĵ
ʱʲôʮ𼱾飿Щ֣ȡڲˣչϸɫԽԽ
ûбģֻʮʷ£ȥָʤ飬طݱʿԡиʷдΪ̶ýӹ԰࣬ΪںεأָĿ޾ǼΪĵĻˡ
ֻ̫һ䣺תʶǶû¾ͿЩգ룬޻ЩҪ
ĺֶذ֮¶š

ޱ飬˼Ƭ̣ʵ͵ʱҶ˿
ûСգ۾ǳֵڵֵҹģ֮ǰҶ˾Ѿˡ
ˣ΢΢ʧ
϶ǡʲżҶ˴ҴһӪƥҹƽȥˡҲû˸
֡૵ʱɽһߣ֪һ£µҴȥ׷գҶ˻һ¾Ҳá
ˡȥաǵüӽ·ָ򶨣ԸȥȫӰӪƽĶ飬ҵȥҪǼٸϡ
Ӧһתߣֱס
ȺðΣһ䣺ûˣȥաСЩͷԣҶʣѸȥˡ




ӱޣ;ϢΣԻָָ·Ҷƽʱǽʱˡ
ԭְһ˳·Ҫɢ˼Ƶġ㵽ƽãҶǿסӣָŵıȥ
ձڣש̵ص֮ʯ̨ףͨ·ӣ֮ƫԺҶ̤ʯ̨ʱԼƫﴫҷ׷׵ӣ۷ֱʲôƵģҶ籾ܣ룬˳ƿţ˽ȥ
һţеֹסˣһ˫˫ۻȣϲãšͶעҶϡҶЩ֣ʶǱļ𸻺캬ЦŴһ糾͵ģвˡλ¿Ⱥʦү˵ͷԻϸġ
ӭɿϲİٴ˼ԹղһЩЩǳðҹ֢ҶҲ֪ģѲЩӣһ˼縺סȫѹж࣬Զ̲סǸȻЦˡ
Ҷ磬ϲ֮£ǰҪסҶļۣڻסгӿЦ˻ͺãٲҲҪ˸ˡȻطЪһ£ȥԸˮٶЩˣ»ͷۡ
Ҷ۹ɨֻݵ֪ƽʱǱѹˣؽ̲ˮ˻ضǳѲڣµġҶò㣬ȴֱϣЩ˼ֶΣвµģĿһɨ˺ΨΨȫû˷ŵﾢ




25
Ӵһݹ߻ʹʿҶصԺסˮѾ£ȽӹԵë߲ЦͷҰ㲹ȱְ޷ݵģԸ˵ײסۣأ컹֪ίʲô
ίûУˮͣ㷨һСνһЦָ˽˷źãǲ֪ҹĶѡҲǣסÿ춼Ĵȥ컹ûء
ҶижëͷЦһ£ӲΣǽ֮£¼ԭҲá
ģðʧֻиġۼҶ㲵ģżк¶ϵվﻹв׵ģѹסĵײЦƽƽյĸ
£ҺһֱסڶӪкΣաҶڲǰ£Ҳˣ֪г̣ǰǲɵģЦ˵һ飬ȻԵĶˡ
̾һü壬ÿؼʱ̣Ҷͻһ˿ߡҶ簡Ҷ磬վǾӣѧ˵ѡ
ȴ˵ƣֻǵ棬Цò֪͡ôȥʦȥˡ
ŶҶ粻⾪졣֮⣬ЩζȴҲ޷ġ
кüλʷָۣ顣ߵģЦЩأ£ԭͼɵģ᲻ʣگҪٻˡ
Ҷתһ룬ѾףĿעԺЦʦǰʷϢͨ˳ԾҲѲֵĸϵգ
ˣǱְΪˬȻһЦٸߴһ£ʥҪˣѲ£ֻ˴λȥС

ҶȻһʥҪԸھʦ¶ʾƹôϲðʧġһ룬ɫ΢䣬ˡ
΢¶壬̫ڵĲֲӣƵó£ô쿴ѵá΢΢һЦ롣
ԭƣ赶ɱˡҶ̾һ֪˵ʲôá˵ǸɶԴˣ˿̸·˰ա
ʥϣʮоɶȥɹ߾ˡӮȻãˣ²죬Ҳ㰲Ų֮ư
ϸˣԸӣ޿ȡȻ۲Ŵԣϵȴ׼
첻ڵң֮κΣ



Ҷ˼ʱ̣ԶԶһͷƽķ
ϦѪյƽԭϴ˺ɫȼŵĻһ
Զϼ鳲۳ϲԣ㡪ǽɽȺ۾úɽ
ӢۺŮ黳ɲǼӿűʯĶǣһʱ侹Ҳˡ

һ 




ڶ 
1 
УԹŷ֮ءнգɽϿȥƽԭ֯ﾺġ 
ƽвˮ½Уͨ˴䱡ЩȴǱұ֮أԹŵս 
Թֽλƽ֪֪˼Σȴûһ֪Ҷð־ηеġҶֺŵѧʿʫƷòţڱҲϵſˡ֪尵ģΪƵ˵ýﲻ̤ſƫƫҶºͣȴȻжٶһűˡ 
 
ת۲жˣ˴աͺһһůˡѩ࣬˫˫ڷĵһɽˮããĿƽݸҲƽ׶ϳ̷ݵķζ 
ʱ޶ò̤࣬ԹڰεģҲֻбݸĸٴҶˡ 
 
գһ빿·һƼǰűʣƺ˼Ҷ磬ɰ̾˿ߵĻȥ 
ƺǴǴνҶ˾ͱЩŹˡڣȴż޹ʵ㶣˿һãУʱʱףҲ֪Щʲô 
ȴһϣֱԥ 
ͯԣԭȴûһ֪ 
ʲô£̵գٿȥ̽ʸס 
 
΢һڸϣЦڿۡǱߣƺʱƽûˡ˾Ǳ߻Żء 
ҶعŶһ̯ľǹγǼ°գʮλ͵˽Σ˰ɵģ£ֱӱιټôˣ 
£ָʻԴءλڹʱгһЩͬṇ̀ЩֱӾιˡ˵ǴĲҧȴ˵÷ֺ˵桪ǣҲδ̫Щ 
ԣɽֽˣҶɨӹѴ׸ɣ±ʣȻ󣬡֣֮أ 
һЦҲܼɣֱ޻䣺Ϲš˸̫̫Ҫ鵽ףҲǲܣʱã֪Ҫѵ٣ԭ˼ɺ޵£谭أһֻҲ鲻ȥضӹλɼʱˣ԰ģɹԱһݽĥԺǡ 
ˮ㡣Ҷϸƽԣ̾Ҳֻˡ£ǲ죬ǲܲ졣ҲȫȻѡΪ׵ĳ֤ݣɱ￴ա 
 
ˡЦЦҶϾڣЩиͻȻʵʱ񣬲֪ʲô£ݱְЧ͵ô 
⧲ͻһʣҶѵõسһ˲ĻңʲôŶû¡ 
 
΢ˣѵ쵱ôȣ 
Ŷôֱ룬˿Ҷ紭ϢĻᡣΪʲôҪʣȴҲ˵塣 
ǣҶҲ룬Ȼش𣬻һڲžѵʧ̬ 
˵ֻ΢ЦҶ磬Цдζ֮ɫ 
֪˶ãҶڷӣͷ̾˿ֻһ仰 
ʲôҲΪ档 
ҶȻ˳ĬСӡеҶ磬ûԥʲôѹĵףȴֳŲ֪ǷҪ˵ 
̫˰ա˳ɢɢģΣƽ⣬²׷ʣֻЦԼ 
ҶԵͷǴӦȴãȻһ 
أѾһ壬ɢɢģʲô𣿴ٺãǸѿô 
ûкҶ˲両ֵİ΢üλ͸ĸΣ˵ĻƺеµҶĽˡ 
 
ƽҶϽ£ɳȥ쿴⣬ҶĻ˵֮٣ʲôļҾƵãʵڶҲֻиɢķݡ 
Ҳ˶Ǳװ磬عٷȥʿۣһһţ֮ٷ磬ߣ֪˶ŮӵĿȥ 
 
֪һС¥ǰۼ̲Եᣬ˵ķɰҶһãҺȴҲ˵Ǵ·۽ǱҪڡ 



2 
ϣһ֣Ѱӡ 
ãѲȥ̻İϢ 
Ҷһס䣬üʲôط 
¥ͷһЦ̹Ȼƽõķ֮أղųϧ¥¥ʣҲһ͡ 
Ҷһ㡭Ϊʲô 
ҶݵӣΪʲô 
ε£˭᲻á 
Ҷ΢գɿ֣޹ءطϲѽȥˡתߡ 
˱æֵҶǰЦ˲ֱ˵ҲһΣǷֶθ߳˱Իˣ 
˵伫ίҶһ±ǵͨ죬ŭ㡭󵨣 
 
ҶƽռٶŭһڹвµģֻǴ˿ŭ߾ѿ糺˭µ 
еշ龡۵ףͷһʱѹסŵѵ˲ѵӰӣ 
һ˵ҶĽᡣӪУĻֶΣŪҶԭֻµĥȫû뵽ѾᱻԷңй˳ 
׹Ҷʱ类׻˶סˣȻ糣ĵȴѼ֪Ǻá 
ŭ֮һ䡰ڣҶ޵ݣ޲ʱȥҲùӣȫ֮ˡ 



صƽãβԳѹϣɢ֮ȥҶǣȴδʶζĥսݡ 
¹˽ܣҶҲὫֻ֮ڿڣ˭òԹɫ̽˼䣬³ʮ֮˾š 
˵˴ҶҲ޿ΣȻۣҡҡȻŮӡ󻶡Ҽҡȷ 
˵üŭֹ֮ˣȻ״飬ҪҶ˵ȴǼѡ΢˶٣˴ӣŻᱻ۷ҽˣҪˣʲô˺ٲԾ̡ 
Ҷһְףֺ죬εǲˡҡ 
˲صģһҡɷ˵Ҷߣ̨̤ʱͻͣס֣ص˵ӣֻѰǧҪ͸¶ݡȥˡҪֱˡ 



Ҳ֪棬һЦͶһ˫С澳ԳЦǰ·Ҷ紩۳ȣ¥ 
һʱڣԺһƬǳǳס֦Ҷ͸ʮֵĴⰻȻҶǰһ޵ûҲŵġ 
лޡУһŮӣױɴ£˹΢ЦҶ縣һһ֪飬ڴ˼ˡ 
漫컣ҶȴӦԣЦӦһƿΧЦһˬЦҵҲǲģҲоӦʫҪҪ 
ԼǵһЩЦƶ죬ҿɲҪ 
Ц˵˳ԵɨŽʼΪ㿴䣬ǱǾĶࣿ 
ѽ֪ȡЦ檡 
ЦУ˽¥ԭǶ˵ģѰڳһϯ˷ֱ£ͣüĿ飬ǹ߳ģҶִٲ⣬˵̸Ц¾ˡ 
ۼѾµĿյЦҵȻߣ˾ڴްաǽˣѴˣĪҪ污ǡ 
Ҷ类˵ǣҲЩĶɵҡ 
ˣˡ۽Ƽ룬ЦƣΪɫ֮ý£ 
һбһ㣬ҶѱܣŴҵѽգʵʹѬ¯ﲻ֪ȼǺ㣬ŨҪһ㡣 
һתۣѺߴӣȥ£ֻʣһɴҶĻУָȥҶ½ 
绨ҶҲˣ˷Ӧ˫ֱţѩ˫塣齿һ˿Ҷ 
һҶȴǱˮͷ£˰Σڽ鰲ȷڴϣһĳҾȥԲýʵڻûа취һİŮ¡ 
㡭ϲδ£һʱҲ֪룬˼˵ʣһ̾һȻ飬ȥɡӣʥ֮ڣġ 
ǣԵǹؾӦһȻȥ𴲣Ҷ綵 
 
ϤҶֻͷ˵һ㶵صסš 
һ̣űƿһͦΣڹӰ̾Ϣŵ磬磬벻ǻڴ˵ 
 
ǧ֮⣬ʦ֮Уȴһɱ֮ 
Ȼ˳糣ظֻ鷿ʱ˫Ŀ͸ݡ 
 һԣҶ໰ 
ߣٰθҼǧбݾþǺȥɣø赶ɱ˼ǡ 
ĬãŴӳݷ૱ų仰 
ȷһ 
˼ȦӥһǾͱмˣЩ㻹ôԹڷء 
ô죿£ȴҲ֡ 
ȥһһֵصҪȥɣǾȥҪȥҪʤ̻λûǲȡŴҲûкôһû˼ӣܽپ 
Ĭ罫ԼӵһҪ˵Ǳá˵ͷ 
Թһ¡ģԶĵˣȫͻȻʧ飬ҪˡȥսɣȨһҪŵùϡ 
ү˵ 
š罫зȥ˶飬ȴû֮ڿڣְƾٱˣԹҲδؿϡ 
Թֺ֮ܺүү 
ָ̧ŪһɰΣŵϣΨһܹɣĵˡ˶٣ʵƽǱߵ̽ӽʲôϢ𣿡 
ͬǰһûʲôġ룬˵һЩÿҪæʮʱ£ֲϳԷҲѹֻ㲡 
Ͽ飬þòŻ˻֣°ɡ׼ôģ˵ա 
ҵѸٳš 
󣬶ԽԽѽһͭʨֽյеΡ 
ôҶ硭


3 
ҶһǴҲûǱ 
һ߽Գ֣䵭Ϭ˿ȴ⣬¶⻬ţ鳱δˣκ̴棬ڷҵذ봹縣˵ַ顣 
ӻˡ 
עǰѵ޴ӣаתǧأվǻһ̾磬Ҫ£Ϊβ˵ 
ҶգҴ½ŵҡִǰɢġȻȥˡ 
֣еõСúһһ֣סҶߵæʲôˣαؼߣߣ㻹飬Ըң 
ᡣƣҶ粻ԣȴҲֱ֪ȥһЦҲĵط 
ֹһ߹ô鲻֪ʱȻȥֱڽô⵽һ£ãӰ֮ǣר˾ϢŮ绨һʡûĸطȱҵ¥ 
Ҷôס֪ԭΣ¥֮Сϸ룬ĺ̻֮أʲô̾ûУ¶ǣݺ使߿ܰѳֵסй¶ֻܵ²ࡣ 
ѹַϢͨ޹δѹʡΧʤΣʵ˵ 
 
£ȻΪʲôȴң 
õһЦպϻ˸ǣԺҪѰ£ҡǣõĽ޷ϡ 
ҲǡҶ޷ֱ磬öͷڳһϸ 
ÿϧ֮ռϷ磬ٱڷŻ˿˵ˡҪʶζղͻȻ֣ 
ҡȥҶԲתʹ۹ԣ֪Цңҷ׷ǹʣʵڡǸŮܲס 
о˵֮£ҶҲ֪Щʲô 
 
һòź˿ھƣһ䣬ȫ˳ 
òƽϢֱ̾ˣҲȥ磬ʵ˵㾿Ϊʲô 
ҡ 
ƼҶԴ˸ĿԥģһŭȻ֪˷ȫΪǰӣӣ˵Ϳͷͷǵֺ˵ѵ⣬ȴȫȻ֪ 
 
ٲͷϸ˵һ֣ѽҶᳵ·뻳вٲ˵СұƹˡͷһͣסҶһ 
ҶֻӶˣҲҶõĻȴʶůҲ溦£Ψӷֻö϶˵ˡ 
Ҷ˵꣬ɫǱ˼Σ˼һ£ͻȻˬЦ磬ɵϣģٲŹ㡣 
ҲҶһֻȥȴҶϣ͵͵£Ҫ֪ʲôȫ̸㣬㳹׵ףﵽ⣬ȫס 
Ҷٲ飬ҲҪʲôգҪͬˣ£ݣ 
ֻЦݲݣʲô飬ֻҪԸͺá˵Ůܲף⵹ˣŮ㲻ҪֲҪ¥ʲôһߵһ߽ϢȫҶУؾ 
˵㡭ǣĪҪҡҶסţ¾飬ҶأüһҶ˶ˣΨͷһ־Ȼ֪㽫ٲ 
ϸҶ˫ͣס֣΢ЦãҲǿ㡣ңѡһɣҪԷ£Ҫ㡣 
ɲԶҪҺˡҶĴϢҲЩȶڷմ˺ʪظڼϣѻһ㡣 
ԡøɴ޳ָٶȸҶţƵ͸㻹ѡҰաҵáοһԴӦ㣬ֻҪ㲻ϲס֣ʱҶͣ¡ 
 
ҶٷĴȫõķס 
ǲֻܷǣ˾ҶҲԸٷ 



ʵʹŨչӳ̴ɴĵڷǽ 
ɢһأϢ 
硭òã 
 
סҡѽҧҺý 
漴һʹ˱ССѵһ¡ 
 
̰ؿѩϣҶڷɢң˯ȥա 
ſҵĻۻˡ绹ûãһξ͡ 
ϵЦݽȥ 
Ըȴվǵǲ⣿Ҫһìص鰮 
ֻҲû֮ء 
ΪҰϵĻ㣬ҵĵ૵øȥ˻Ƶĺ촽ٶס 
Ϯ˯УҲܸо籩ٶ٣һ£Ǳֿ˫ȣٴαƷʴǣζ 
 
һ̣,պ˪ 
 



4 
ٶʱ͡ 
Ҷ簡һ⻹û֪ǷлãȺѵ棬治֪ˡת˼ҹȿξѾҲŪ󡭡һȣٲȥϸ롣 
ؿУò֪ʱˬڴ³˱鷭⵭ĳ˵ĿͦΣ 
ҶѣתͷˬһЦ磬ôٶ˯һҲ޷ġǰˣ˵ܣҪֻϢ˵¿治ҲӦȫ 
һɡûȡЦ֮⣬Ҷ˺ȥѰԭǾϸˣҪ֪ͬͬһҪŴˡ 
÷飬߹æЦʲôûᱻŴ˵һ𣬱ʮһֻüͷҲһء 
ףͣҶƽشӲ˽Բɾ棬ҼƽϽ˻ưɣ 
֪Ҷ˿̶ǻʹ֫Ϊ£ȴϵʱȻͣסָԵڼϴ򻬣ЦǸ֪Ȼ֪Ҳֻ֪֪ˣ֮£Ĵûˮ˵µģеģύʾõģ֣ĪҪ鿹̨黶˲ź˵ʦүȴµһصĺˣɫģ˭ŰͽҲȫΪ£ֻͼ죬ؼʱĪҪҲá 
ҵ֪ġҶ罫½ϣ΢ЦھʦʱͬͬţҲһ֣˵úˣʲôˣǼˡ 
˵㻹ǲЦ̾ϢеģѰӣڳһұݣÿĩݣרۿʱŮʱȫУÿʮԣǧһĺ֣˵лָϵϵ´Ǳ˽ȥ׳ħ裬ģ뿴ҿԴͬȥңͼء˾ȻĶܰѳֵסЩģѰʦү֡ 
Ȼˣߡ˲ţȻѣʵǡҪ˷أǿ϶ѵĿأ 
ҶĬȻһʱδע⣬عʱա 
һԽһɽٸ峿ɫ£Բᡣ 
ֱŷظáҶԭЩ̧ͷɫڲ̸Ҳ 
ȴ˵ζҶ粻ٿԾ̣ȻԸȻۿʱʪУЦ֣ˮˣؿЩƣȴһɰȻ 
ǲ֪Ҷһ£֪ˣľΣʵϡֻ¼Ϊ£ԵɱȻϣݾߣҲܾС 
˺ҶһרעѰ֣ᶼ𣬸㡣õҲǿǽһ㣬һһṦҪҹϢǱ븮̨˷ڣ԰ײҲࡣҶæÿÿƣ뷦òۣҲȥŪദ̸Ӷ࣬ƽͳһ⾰ 
 
¾ȴ˱仯 
ǱɣµĳźͻȻڴٽϮҲ֪Ϊ˧˭ֶֻ֪μϬûתۼʧǣ߷᧿Σ漱ѩƬһʦȥʦ棬ȴǳغ޶˹°ο⣬ʲôȶδ 
գƽҶӵֻּֽ͢еһ仰̽ϾʥҶּɻ˽ѯȴҲ֪飬ֻǴԹƣ뱱йء 
ƽɳȱʱѹ˸ְҶļΣʱʥ¡ֺãģȴ̨ٽҲǲܣȴƴǲܣԸΪĻҶ뵽⣬Ҳ㲻ǿ 
ᣬȴҪֱˡ 




5 
ҹʱ֣֪ʱһεڲľϣຮ 
֪źԺϷĵƻ΢΢ţҹʣһλơ 
á 
ţ 
ҶϾڣȥּҼ̻ؾұҪˡ 
׻̲סˡð̽ͣһͣЦЦ 
ʥϵּ⣬ĪɡҶȻָ֪˭дΪȻʥϱͣﻥв¼ɣʥҲδؿġ 
磬ҲˡõЦţӰп飬ͺñȶȡѵӦȶԷѵ·֣ǲǺ֡ 
Ҷһ£Ҳš˵òҲֻʥּΪ׼ҪΣ޹ء 
ôЦţ˵ʲôָı⣬⵽Ҷǰͷһ 
ҶȻӢˬˣְԹϸüҴǣŵ٩΢Ц֪׽Ūѣյֶҡ 
ֻЦԣҶ뻳УҶ΢΢ƾܣǱ˫§ߴ͵͵Ϣ𶯡ڿأǾɺã 
ʲô 
Ҷ粻Ծתͷüʱ̶סɷ˵˫ȥһǡ 
ʱҶ绹ȴϷɣ˫۽ţ༸ҵֶ֮£Ҷ粻ʱȫѣһƬֿܵ 
ãòŷſҶ磬תͷ⣬ЦûУȥǲǻ뿴˵䣬ָ΢һöʯѼֱֽڰ 
ͨһ죬˴ϵ֦ҶϤֻ롣 
ȥӣĻԵѾˡЦȥѹһߣ˶УȻͷ­пȡա 
쪣ް졣 



ҶãһԲȥǰ¡ 
ҳ嶯Ī֡Цţ֪һʱðȻ£Ҷ綨Ҫŭ 
ĬΣҶϲ飬ǵڼˣ 
ȻôвȥҶ֣ȴ˦ֻ΢ЦôġۼҶüŭæҶӲ߽ҹ֪һΣŴ󵨿̽ġַЦ͸ղһأģôûû 
ҪʾοңҶ̾ʲôĻȥЦϡˣǶ°գ 
ǡĵȻ֪Ҳ֣ȴ˵ƣǳǳЦ˸ˡ 
þҲ֪Ҷɻһۣ漴뵽ֶζˣֶۼˣ֪ٶҲ棬һҺá 
黳ôЦ̾ӣһ֪ 
 
Ҷ粻£һʱ޻˵ΣŻҲЩãʱ룬ûм֮ףֻ֪֮꣬Ƿá 
ҿ᲻áһЦҶ˫磬˫ۣ磬Ҿ㣬㣬Ҳ㣬㡣һ𣬺ô 
ûСҶҡҡͷ͵͵֮⣬ȷʵҺܶ࣬Ҽãҽڡֻ˫Ծ¶һ˿Σ㡭ʦﷱ㲻Ըȥô 
Ҷ籾΢˵ĻǼ¡ 
һҶ飬ҪһУӦվӲĳ磬ҴӦ㣬һȥ£ڡҡôֵܵѪ 
⣬Ҷֻǵ˵ͷȻ֪̾᲻⴦ҵֻѾУֻʱһҪ˰աԹŽ౾֣־ڴˣҲȰ㣬ֻҡΪжԣҲ˹մ˼ʡ˰ɡ 
˻ȻҪնԵ֮⣬һȴ֪˵ʵƵʱҲ޻ɱ硣 
ҾڹȴҪ£Ȼܿܣв֪֮ƣȴǷˡ 
ҶڸգΥ壬ֺγ׵ƺ֮ʣʵϵֻˣԵ޿ɱܣǣһȴ벻һ̣١ 
 
ץסҶ˫һǿЦҶԲס㡭ҡԸǡ󼸸΢˵ȥЦݽӲţҶ磬תˣ߰ա 
һƻ΢죬ᶯת۲ 
ҶûлͷסϾ΢ʵĶ̽пտյãȻһƬδʱͣʱ𡭡֪䣬𣬾ʹһҹ 



ڶ峿ǰţ̴ϴҶĬȻȴҲδƳ쳣 
һг̽׵Ҳǰһձ㽻зͣһǰһʱ˸̤ͷ 
ƽΪϱͨҪˮΪ걸Ҫۿݣ˵ȳգְȣҶΪ֪йٴãֻǴ˴λؾ»ܣ㶼˳ǮĺؼҴֻԼ峿ͷȺ 
̤ϴֻ壬Ƭ׷ȽȽ𣬶湤λһƬæµҪУҶңڴͷν紵½Ƿɣʲ 
΢֣Ȱصڣͻһ֪εغеɫһʱ档 
תദ鳱ӿͻʱߣһʱ˶ؼ䣬ֻʣ㭲಻ѵĵڻص 
ϸԽԽ᳦ٽᣬиֵζ棬ȴȻ޿κ֮⾰ٿԶҶ磬סвһˣĪҶ˶˽飬úġ 
ջˡҶֽסڶ̽ƷζŵзֻǰңΪβϷһжԹ£ңΪλҪһң㡭á 
˼زƽϢ֮ʣȴ˳˳ˮڿˡ 




6 
ϰ˷ڣ㣬ռˮɣӰʧ 
һ·ζϣƽתաˮҪ࣬·ؿйٱأҶӡȫؼҴǴ˵ģҲ̫ƽ¡ 
ȥҪ·ȴ߹ٵˣˮ⣬ɴңӵխˮļдΪףȴͨʦΨһݾ 
Ҷ˼ƽɹٵУڹ涨ڵﾩʦҲˣȴֲɡμµͻɲ֪꣬ʥǺ⣬ǻǸȵʦ̽ףҪҲɼʱͨؽڣôֲҶҲɵȥ 
 
Ϣ򣬲ʳˮԤС 
ҶѣҲûʤģļ䣬·˼ҳ飬Ъ˯ˡԺͷӣֱʲôҶ粻ȥᣬֱڶ峿֪Ϊ¡ 
ԭ˿Ŀ̣мҪʦƫƫֻкؼҴͣҲڣ˱Ѱϴ˵˵ؽ𣬺ϴϣ֮ƲģλεӵƵģһֻ۱һֻ۵Ĭˡ 
Ҳϲŵ֪һʱΪŭҳǮΪľǸ徲ôţȥ 
ҶһסȰˣ⣬˭вʱ˷㣬ѷ㣬ô󣬴ҲΪֵǱģг̣¶ݣΪã̼գĵġ 
ҶԿֽҲЦӡұ㽫ţҵ˾ʦǺؼҴﴫ 
˼ҲС⣬ЩҶֶ֪ΣҪؼҴȥصϣؼҴҲҪˣС¡һЦ֮ 
ҶǾӣҿɲǡһˣҲû֮¡ 
 
ϴ֪˺˷̵øڣͲˮ΢Ҳ칫һ·磬ؼҴ˳˳ˮУձ㰲ȵ˽ڣʦңңֻʣ·̡ 
 
ҹùͣѰҶȣҶ֪Ǽ㣬̷⣬ЦӦˣ֮£ˮ˶̸мƻ⾳ֽ֣һҡҡ˯ˡ 
ٲרģҪˡҶһӣЦתͷһԱϢ֪ʱܹȥˣҡͷ⺢ӣȥ˯˯Ӳοء˳ë̺ϡ 
Ҷִ¿Ȼ˸жġ˼ԭҲϣͶһӣ̧ȴҶһҶ֣ʲô 
һ͵ġҶȡָ̽ϻƣ˼ˣ鲻΢ 
ӹϸ꣬Ǽ̼һذҲ˼֣ͭ͸Ȼ⣬˿ס紦һӨӣʲűڷˡ 
ԽԽ齣ʣһʱӭ̵ֱ˸ϸȴĽίʵ㲻Ϻÿ 
Ҷ֣ǡǳӰ 
ӰʲôҶһ漴𣬳һ˵ģòԣʱ֮һĳӰգ 
𻰣һ̨׼λӰͶڱϡҲ쳣ϸƱܷӰϽҪһأ£͵һ죬δڣȴȻһۡ 
棬Īʶ״ﲻøӰõڶӸ˵˽벻Ƽ̾һʣ˫ַҶ磬ҶλѣҶֿɺõý 
ҶӹӰǧ֮أʧΪûиң˹أ 
㣬ֻ᲻աԹۣ˼ǰͲ³˼֣֮⣬ĪһζҲ֪ɬˡ 
һҪ˽ãΣգҪú֣Ҷּѿڶ 
Ҷ䣬ȻΪʧ̬һȴЦҲδأ⽣иԣеϮ̤ڱ͸Ҷַġ 
ɱҵˣαȵɱ˶ࣿҶüͷۣȴ벻õķӡ 
˭ͻȻʵ 
ҶһۣԸá֪ҪʲôҲ֪֮壬м֮ס 
ǡڣ 
Ų£ԸҶѻָ˴ݣҪЦң߱ңֱ˵ԸٸңҲǿ 
Ц㡣ضҶ˵©,ʱ΢ҡˮȣؼһƬף˵ڵЩ˼ȫһԵسȻסҶ֣ʵҡ 
ųǺһԽ죬ӰȻԶʣ¶ؽ䡣 




7 
ҹ࣬Զ 
ͬʱһ 
һۣʣ˭ 
ľ֨ѽһ߷ֿȻ룬ͻһһΣɸʱǰѶɷĸߴӡ 
ֹϣڼȻֻһƬѹ͸ɱ 
Ҷ簵ԾȻϴӼǰȴʶõġտɲΪ˽´ŭô̵¿յװδֻﻹаǰĺģ 
˵ĿȴԼͬҶ֣ɫ˸㾪̰ۡϲҶ粻Ц飬ҲΪζˡ 
ƥðãԼҲ벻ϡ䣬鷳 
һƳҶӰƻ̯λ룬Ϊ˽ 
ӳžӨ⣬וģӰ⻪תԽԹӳ 
 
ýǺýӼƵôˣ۾գҲգһЦ磬ûţԭţҺ˵١ 
ǰһǸ˵ĵܣɾ¸ˡ 
԰ĵ˫һЦӢۣǵ׼ȫ 



̸Ц֮ɫ࣬һҪԣҶ簵ֹס΢΢һЦҶѽ˳ȥҪȥǡֻ֪λõֻδҵȣ 
㵹֪ĵǰһ˵࣬Ц磬Ҫɱô 
ܴģһЦŹǣ֪ղԸֵܣһɱˣ󻼡ϧǣȫʬҲˡ 
ûУҲֿѶְɡĵҶۣתͷЦ磬˾ǽҲϸƤ⣬һ㡣 
ġҶŶת˼⡪ˣǺˣ 



Ժ¡ǰ֣֮ɱüޡ 
 
Ҷмƽϣɫǿܿ϶ǳӰ 
ȻĵܳڶǽϱȻ涼Ƶһ 
û˵ǡҶֻϹƢԣڶλУδرԳ촦˷ţһԡ 
ĵܺٺһЦȹƭ˭ء˵Ӱӳ⣬ڰͶ½Ӱ 
ѣһһλΣӰȻȴ뽣ȳٲǽĵͶӰ 
˼ʱҲ΢΢񣬽ӹӰһգȴԲһУͬѰһ㡣 
 
Ľȴ֪ҶʱѵʱԣЦףҸܣ뿪 
á 
ĵܲ˼شȴסĪҪ˺˵ĵǵǻթô 
ֻͣûбѡ񡣡ҶѸٽؿڣҪǵҪӰա 
磬Цȴε֮һҪ𻰣͵һ𣬴ӣ 



˼һסҶľĿ׹ʢЩʲôˣ 
֪ôҶǿѹסǺȣ˰̣̾ҿмǿ١ҹɻ֡ 
һϢȻŵŭԼԼһϡ 
ֻ֪ѰëתͷҪʣ۹ⴥҶ磬ȴͻȻһʱü⺺Ŀţ峺ˮһ㣬עѡ 
жɱݣǸٳҲ޶Ե˿̱һƣĪһ꣬ŭ㾿˵ǲ˵ 
 
ȾȴϵˡҶδţҪ 
ҶΣͻȻЦ㵱ʲôˣǲп㻹Ѱգֻ֪Ҫһûˣ 
֪Ҷɫ䣬򾲣Ҳ֪ûǳӰҲ֪ 
ŭĿӣսҶ羱ԽԽʹлѣǰҲڡȴͻȻȫɿһƽҶڵأҲ࿴һۣתͷĵܣȥȺСֺݵ޷Ҫǿȥأ㡣˵ȥһ£ۣ 
ĵܽèٶȳš 
ĬȻҶ磬ס󱳶ˤ֮ϧҶ֮ƣ˲ףȴǼģԭǼյһţҶûз֪ࡪȥв֪ٴʹڣԭӦ˴⣬öЩвǡ 
Ҳ羪ѣҳʱ˹ϸϸΪҶ˴ֹѪ겻ᡣ 




8 
ŴԼɼЪˣȴʱʱһҽлҹգŷ 
˲ˡҶͷˣбϣ૵Ҳ֪Ǵǵ 
Ȳ˵ҶĻעűԽ԰׵ɫҪҪ 
û¡Ҷֻưۣһƶб죬ʵ㲻ϺãǿһЦСС˶ѣްġ 
֪˾̵ƢԣٶҲֻѹˣ̾˿ת˵ĳӰ֮ʣҲ֪ġ 
ԭ֪㡣ҶһЦֻҪǲ֪ɡ 
̫ˡҡҡͷҲԸ໰ֻͷߡӰԵʣ˵ 
Ҷһ㵣漴Ц㽫ҵĻˡ 
 
ߣëľȶɱ档󻹴ûҶ磺⻰ԭ綼˵ΪǣҪĻźá 
˵ 
ĪǲҵģȻؿڵƭ¾ˣҲ㡣 
Ź⣬ӰƲ飬ֻһҶиж΢ЦҹȻûп㡣ֻټ޹أĻȻеûʲôġ 
 
˽ǲһһڶסЦͲסҪҪֻ»ɲǡǶô 
ҡһЦֻһҪȷǣҲ˵ 
 
绹ĩüͻغȻ𿪣ĵܵӰ˽üôˣСҲֵգ 
ͨɽĵϢ΢٣ɫȻյߣһĹȴһмܲ磬Ӱ֡ 
˵䵶Ӱ˽ʽܣһ֪Ǿѵģں֮ڿɱȡ 
 
֣ҽᣬ˷ѡҶĿϸƣ 
ȻǴԽԽáֵҶһԿϷЦ֮ôûСȴҶд¼֣ӵˡ 
ҶһҲȥ֪ 
иǰʳָӹҶġ 
Ҷͣס֣˼ɲʲô£ҪʦڣϧǰΪˣҹϮĪ֪˵ݣǿ·Σֲ 
 
Ƕ书Ҫĵܸ߳һأһ֣Ʒз֮ˮŭȥʱһں˼ 
绹ĵһĿ¶塣 
Ѳ˵һоϾ𻰣˱޳ܣԶʤ٣ųȻϰߣҲȫ㡣 
ɲǡ߹ϱôطȫ̰֮ļǴжӢºĵ˵𾢣һʱסѿڶʱȻһ 
ĵܣһתۼÿж¶֮ɫɫһ֪ǲãԹðɡȫɱ⣬һʣ 
ǣĵ֪ʧԣٶ˵ʮ־Ӧս֡ 
 
ɹȫ֣ʮ˹ȻֵסһʱŲ鸡ڽ˺һ˵ҶǰҶãǰͻʮâֱϮҪ 
Ī˵Ҷ粻գᣬʮ㰵⧲ӭ˭ܶÿŽҪײϣǺһϸ죬ѩ̵ɱҲ֪ˮòĵӲҶǰ磬ȫ䡪һײɳȥбҶ磬˵ƤʹԲؼƽϡ 
ϸִ֮òһֹѵꡣ˫΢¶ȥʮ⾰ɰִһγ˵Ŀ̬֮˭Ҳ벻⾹Ǹز¶ĸ֡ 



δ̫ҶܾˡһģʮӣĿ⾼ֹݣһ֪ѵõĺ֣Ϊ֮ݷɫȴҶʶģӶӳһĸ 
 
벻ˮ֮ϣؼҴУ˸·Ӣ۵ľۼ֮ءҶ糤̾˿ܸܲң⾿ô£ 
ǰ˵ģѾ׺ˡ΢Цһָ˽д򶷵˫ΧסҲҺúؼҴǳĽʵ󣬷һվʮδ󺺣ˮ֮ݣʵ˲õİȫƽʼ·ǵԶԶţ˾ʦһΣǱҵˡ 
أ˭֮ԶΪιʣΪҪͶҶ粻Ը룬۹Ͷһˡ 
෴ǰɱ˵ġ治ɫƣӸϺһһΧɱ¾ⷽʵȸߣֶ࣬Ѫ֮жԷʬűԽԽ࣬ʣºս׷Ӵܣȴ˵ֿɳ֮øӿ١ 
ˣȴֻΧʮϣҪóִ󷨣Ĺǵһٻܡ 
 
ҶʵڲѪȳ棬Ȼ⽣Ӱ̱ǰҽд˷벻ҲɵãͷĿһѣǿ񣬿ЦҲԷƱҲʵڲףҵҪɱ뱣ϵΪʲôһؾ 
ҼүǰּҶ׼ϯΪϴϣүȥôضȱְ˵øסЦ⣬Ҷ翴Īһķֱν鷳˦ѡ 



ʱɹȴãƣˡ 



9 
һҹէ䣬ǿ䶨 
Ƕ£һ·ؼҴٶҲɫֱʤȯһ̲Ȼȵһ֮ 
ҶǺЦָɰһ̾ 
ǹٳˣв׵ġסɹϸǴһбɱȻҲȫƵϣ֪ҲڣͬʱֿʾҶ硪£ǵˮ©ĥ⣬Ҳ޴Ѱ 
ȻԼҶΪ⣬ڳ˾͸ϣп 
 
Ŀһ 
ҶֹһЦ£ǹ¡ 
ֶ΢ЦסУδš 
ڼսƷ罥Ͱȴǵǿ֮ĩʮΧסҲӲֻǺϾǳսޱȣĸҲܲסۼ̣ʱҪ־ܡ 
ĵŭʢ۴УȺֻʹֲҪķӣб£㣬ֱָסıӣһһرԣҲŷ㣡 
߶߶ǡҲЦҼ㣬֤ұǿкδ 
㱰޳ܣ 
Ӯ˾Ӯˣû飬Ȼʲôгܿܡ 
 
˲סԴĵߣѿڶȴǹ˵ģÿЩܡ 



ĵܣǶ˵ͻȻһƣˣԾĵߡ 
һʱ˶ҪߣѵºεȾɣȵʱסڣӵҶǰԷ˳ҽٳ֡ 
 
ű䱸ĵܼ磬ǡ 
ͷҲأ֮ʱǷʲôģ 
ǡĵͻȻһȻ˶թΪйܣܡ 
ô 
¡ĵܻΧȫǶԻ壬һʱ˶žֻĵɳ΢͸룬ֻǣСʵвʡ 
±˵աѽΧһҧҪһˡ˵Ʊͷ¡ 



ѩзֱơ΢࣬һתл䣬һȵס֣ 
Ǹһ˫ۣŵĺ䲻ǺεҲ֪۲ȻһЦһ֣һշɹ˽űߣĽ㡣ҲΪŽˣн飬Ҳǿ¡ 
ʰ𽣣ҶڶĿע磬ǿͼὣɱˣҲƲʲôӢۣҴˣȴǲɡ 
һ´ҶۣͻȻЦĵ˵ôЩУĸվǵһ 
üͷһ塣һ·У͹ʵȷһ֣Ҳûбʤգ˼ƣ־ͷ 
˭ϼƲ߽ɣҶȴȻвͣȻ֪ҶǶһһصֻΣʱγˡ 
 
ҪôҶմŵѪ೾ȴôҲڲסǹ廪ع֮һüڵˬˡ 
˶һ㶡Ҷ粻գ˽֪λ˵ֻ뵽ǷʲˤͷһҶ½ǣү 
Ҳ²͸Ҷ⣬ȴ֪±ȥⲻᡣ 



˾ɲĵףĵȴǺȻЦ㣬ҲǱԣƾʲôܲ˼ưա 
˵޼ɵȴԼҲ˶˵һۣתҶ磬ɫʲôʿɱ裬ǿɲ㿪Ц 
ҲûǿաҶһЦţעΣңǲӰҲߣˡ 
ҶƼƲмһŭ 
ҲûֻҪһ䣬ˡô򵥡޳ĿӹһȦͣϣҶ΢΢һЦսҶˡѳڣȫ 
á˵ͷɹˣ򵥵˵ʲôʲôһ 



ˮ 
һҶ˴ͽڽߵʯͣʱɫѽףƵƺڵգˮ. 




10 
ʯ϶룬β룬ˮ˼ӱļСʯˮл弤ͣ 
˵ƣš΢΢˲Ѳ³ִšһ̧ͷĿ⣬âһӴ΢΢һЦһͷתжǰ䱸Է¾ı 
Ҷǰ󰵳ӿһ·ɫ꣬˼«έа档ԽԽߣɽʯҶ粻ṦЩ 
 
ա΢˿ҶͷһЦҲֻܵˡ 
ﶯ֣ 
ɹȫ䱸˹ĬܣԶһɫɫȸɣȫȻһƽͣ쳣̲סʡ 
վȥҶޱ飬̧һʯ˵ãǾͿʼ֡ʲôӣֻҪܻңӮô 
Ȼ쿴˼ҲҶǺ⣬ۼӰһַ֪ȥֻжѲһҧһҪ 
ǡҶ縺ֶ紵죬ƽɱ 
á 
³һ֣شÿͷһ 
ͻȻ̣û˵һƬžĿֻעһһˡ 
ĿƣҶȫ⣬۽ǰСʱέ۳೤һأʯ죬ֲʱһЩʯŲרעֹ΢Ƿֺ 
˿ô棬ЩۼܿҶϱ߳һϸа̾ɹȴֻЦŪʲô飬Ҷ˺ʯҲ˿Щ«ʯʲôã 
⣬ֻҶһ˵֣ӹȥȫһٲװŪ 
 
ãաҲ֪˶ãҶֱ֣һʯϣ΢΢һЦʰƣȻĳһشССʯ飬Ҷ«ԶˮŭȻһɺƵ 
ɹٲ𻰣һֻۣӥһۼ˳ȥжһһЩлۻס޼÷̡ȴҲ֪֣Զˣ֮Ҳֻ² 
ȭȫǺҶ˶ԼжҪ˭һͷȥҲܲġ˲Ҳ˲ؽڣǻһĨ΢Ц˫Ҳ˿ 
˶Ļ澰ҶƮƮеʯϣɹƫƫһˣһתػֻʮ۵ʯȦӣȻŭַһƷХ˶ţȴǼҡҡ׹ʯˮ̵«έʯҶˡ 
 
Ϲộѹסеľ棬䣬ʵ 
㲻һ΢Ц̾ƾۣవ󷨰벻Ҳ֪ʵ 
ʯתźʧ⡣ʫʧһЦĳҴ֣֮ؼİͼ޺ 
̧Ŀомϧ΢ЦҺγǡ˵½ѷ׷ߣ裬ҵûȣʧҹ˱سҶԴˣʵڡ 
ҵʲô⡣һ˲廰üĿ˫浶ǾȹҶ꣬ղһһˣƫҪȥ鷳Ҵͷˡ 
һɹתͷȥۿƣҲԸ꣬им̸֮⡣ĸܹ裬Цһٳ뼥һɺҪ˵Ҷ˲ǵǳ֮£ɱǲ£ҪǣĻηӴ˲СγǴ¡ 
ɺҲǴ֮ˣһ㼴ͨȴӲŲϳϣ˷ʲôãбȥսð 
̸ɹѰ֮ҡҡͷҶ˺ǵĶԼʲôҪ䣬ҪǵͰҪǻȥˡţֻҶ˴˾ܴһ죬оñʱԥһ֣ǸǼ֮ˡ֮ˣֹʮ٣һʱһذ 
ƫšɺ˰죬޺޵ʲô书ҲᣬղҪһǰ̾͵ýɷѣֵõô 
֪ΪʲôϲһЦѹ㼵үرǲǣ˵Ϊûʱһһ磬¿еģȻү֪ˣֻ¡΢΢һЦٲ˵ 
ɺƽ£ԽԽ£ɫЩף˳䣬󣺡ø磬֪ˣǧүɲɣ 
 
һ˽̸Ҷ֮սȴѷֳʤ 



11 
ɹ˱ã֪ǰʯ«ݣߵȴǿɰ죬ǰһʯվ鶖ƽһֺɳصɽӿ罣ֱ֮Ѫҷ֪֮ǺεȫһĳȥϢţ뺣ߣͻȻõÿ죬Ҫ࣬һǶ֣Ҳ 
ĵܣ׷ˡһסٳƵֵܣɬһЦˣⲻܵСա 
Уĵֱ۴𣺡ⲻ֪ʲôҲ䣡Ҫϣ 
ֺγԸ⡣ۣصǰҲ֪ʲô֪Ҫи˻ȥ档һ˵壬Ҫˡѡɣͬһȥ 
ҡĵ㶣ͷ֪ξ 
Ų֪ʲôлᱨ𡣡ͳҲǿ㣬Űɡ˶٣״䣡 
һȳƳջؽϣܳƬ̣ͻȻһ󻶺иֵ֮ԭϰԣϲڴսǰǹײԹʿΪʤ֮ã˿ҶѪУ漣ȡʤ˲֪ϰ߶˳ 
Ҳ䡣ĵܴͷƵԷֱ磬ȴļʾο 
Ҷڷ¡ͼֻݲģоóδùЧҲȻƱˣҲ޿κΪ֮Ҷδʹһɹ 
׳һʰƹۣϻδЪһְδϼֹס俪Ҷ˵泩⣬ɣƺǱΪ٣ֻһ̲ü 
ðãȻӢۺ־ķֻǶŮ鳤޼㯣׵ҪǧΣѵұնħǣð߹أ 
᳦תѽ⣬ͻػȻҶֻ󽭣һƬһЦãվݲ㵶Ҫս߹أңԶԶ˰ա 



γΧ«ֽűһʯɢҶ绹δü˵ɹǰȻһӵҶߡ 
ǻŭ⡢ļҶˣƽһЦλˡ 
סǵģʲôֹסĵܾҪڶɫʵ 
ŹʫôҶ粻ʡʱδԶŶ˴ĺţҲ⣬˵ͷҶ΢Цԣʫ򣬿ͷ˵ֹɰͼҽõģȻȲȴһġ󷴸ţݼ׷ݡˡš仯޶ˡߴţ˵ֻˣһӾҲֻиġ 
򣿰ͼüૣͻȻһ̧ͷעҶ磬ʸմͼм֪ 
ľ֮УӢҶ֪⣬£Ȼ¼侫ͨͼŰԵģֹ֪һҵ˲ֵһᣬĪҪ׷Ҳա 
ʱɢҶϣҹ俴Խһǰ㣬ֹжȣһ˫۸˼ףƽ֮ˡҹ⣬ʶΪˣʵǰû޼֪ԸҲֻգĵѵǱ鲻ôһȭҮ࣬ҽֵΰʹ˸ǣڡ 
šҶͻȻסˣɫȻΪɹ̽һ·ΪҲ֪ɱҴζˣ̽˶ϢȥǶ˴ɱҲܾ׷ˡһ۾ǻɡ 
ΪͣʵǼӣŨüһ磬ָɹҼ磬Үΰʹһɫ԰סǾһֻ֣ƲˣҷȥһۣжްȴҪۿˡ 
 
ƥѱָϳɵѺҮĬȻϣͻȻͷǱӰǺԵʣвԽ 
Ȼǣ¡ҶŶһ죺еģֻմ˷ƣˬ֮Ϧ֮ʣֻ֮ҹ֮ͶӳڱϣſüӰĽ˭޹ϵʵֻҪԻһ£֪δʧթԵĻ֮ơϧ˭δ뵽 
Ү಻ΰȴȥҼҽһսҲ㡣 



ԶȥҶòջĿ⣬ȻһЦҲ֪˵˭˵˰һսʧΪ¡ 
ǣƥҶϣЦҪһ죬ҲѣҼүǡ 
һζɽ죿Ϊγٳٲ뼱ѽйϵɵҶһʱҲԸ룬һԶԶر˳ȥ˭֪һѣǰһƬҡҡ׹ڵء 
ϺӰԼһһ˫οסҶ뻳С߽ʺ𽥵ȥֻǳȻһҶ硱Ϥ׻ˡʶ漴ɢ赹˱С 



Ȼӻ֪ٱգǰ񾲰Ȼֻɫ԰üڣ˫֮˾ġͳҩҶУбɺ˶գ 



12 
¯̣Ųҩ΢Ϣڷڴתҹʱָ֮żһϸ΢ҲüС 
ü˹ȥ̽̽˵Ķ£ƴŲϾ̫ҽ˵ոˣص˿̻ߣѹң 
΢۾ŽճʮԱϱƾٻͬѡΪ˴תʹͬѡӵţתʹλñҪҶģ֪ѵĵ壬ԪΪλ;ɱ᣿ 
оҪģ޷ǾǸݾ裬Ǯƶ֡ƿƿȫҲѹӻֻ֪ģǵһҪЮѣ̫ȣĪ¶ŸɣֻϧͱˣԵò֮ҡҡͷߵĶԪ٩޶ 
 
ĬĬ˼ţϵ˶һۻûɳɤӵ͵͵ˮ 
Գ԰ף˿ĳ亹մʪ˳䵽ѣĿҶ绹˭ 
ڵŮ类򷢿ԶԶҲǣֵ˱裬ڴԺ£ϧذҶ磺ˮˣȡ 
һӲ㣬ҶֺڶϣϢƬ̣΢΢˫ۣү֪ڣүǡ 
㲻ڴôЦٱϿκα飬еطס˶ȵѰա 
ҶĬΣ֪¹ٴ˴μ뾩ǻϵ˼үģ 
ģҲҵġһḧҶ¶ֱۣЦ̾˭ͬʱŵĵֻһ 
ҲסҶ粻ɫὫֱƿ 
֪ͣס֣Цɾѹ߹ΣҲ֪ġ֮һսģ¡ˣȴֶæƽģϱ㲻ҲɵáֻתʹһְˣǰʮǻϲʣҲţ֮˾ټ㣬׵ͷˣϾֻ¹ػܣûѡ 
Ҷ֪˾ټƣǶʹΪʵɳɱ߳սﱾԸȴ⣬һѹӻɱҡֻԹҲǳôΡ 
ûлػȫôӵҶͷֱ۽һЦ˿ǸȻȥжѷˣ´ΣĪҪְա 
¡Ҷ벻¶ۼԶȴҲܶ̾תʹһ£ʥ˵ȷſҡүҪľǱ 
Ŷ˻⣿̧ҶʹѣӰݳȴʶľǿ¸һȣֱ뽫ѹ԰Ŀǲһæǿ΢΢ 
ҶҲر񣬵עǿˣɣҪ֮ңֻøҴ޴ӷҪաҪȴǲܵģޣүҲɹ̰ˡ 
 
ȻԴΪأȻ¿Ҷ磬ǣңһӢʵԽԽĶʮĵ׵˵һӿ㽫ѹǱЦЩ˵Һ㡭þòˡ 
ͻȻһ죬ֻѴǣȻסҶ羲סʵĳӰȻҲ˵ֻסѡ 
һ󷴶򶨣Ц磬ɱң 
ǡҶ絭ȻһɹҾнҲδɱ㣬οˣҪҲɳϣڴ֮䣬δϧˡ 
ǣ 
ȷһ£үѡôҶ绺ƽʣ̾һҹ£үزġ 
Ҷ磬۹ӣһʱϢ֪˶ãɿ֣۹תӰ˵ģ 
ǡ 
ԽңΪ 
û˻ϲġҶ£죬԰׵ѩһɫϷ˿ЦүȻף˵Ҳգ˽£ˡҲԼ档ҹүذɡ 



13 
ҶɫȻ֪ѳԸһ۳ӰаٰζվѹɫһЦãˣϢиˡ 
лүҶҲһļˣţʵǼۡ 
ȻһЦſڣͻֻͷҶ硣 
£ 
ȥҶҲɺͻ˼֡ 
˵òĶãٰƾܣĪܹݰգ 
㡪ûϵԣһʱҶͨ죬޳ܣ 
ֻǸЦؿڶĿӰ 
Ҷһδ˼һ̾ڹӰ𣺡磬浱һ㲻ɵˣΪһϷ׶ŭңô 
ǡҶȻ񶨣Ŷү̫Ϊǡ 
΢΢һЦҲ磬ţҹȻ̫ˣ廹Щ˯աѥңȥˡ 
ҶɿгӰĿԣȴ˼ӿ֮Ҳ˯š 
 
˵ˣ̨ͤٱеȻ˫ۣסǰĺŮӡ 
ΣǶŮõϲĿŭ⣬Сĵ³ҷжҿȼʱҶѾްˡһ£ŵ书̫ߣǲҿ˭֪Ƕס 
ǡĬȻΣֻ²ǻסǲ뻤һ٣Щ꣬ɼȻԳ缫ǿأŻмޡҪǲϢô 
ŮӰշҲΪηգһЦǳЩôкѲ顣˵ȴٳٲϸ 
Ϳ˵ɣˣĻѣһۣ˿ż˼ˡ 
ðӰŮԼٶЩĽȴվĴ澴ηΣ۲һתЦڣ˭ܼʲôѽ㲻Ҫ˵ǡһ󣬲ɫ渵 
֪ҹ˵һʱҲ˵βд˵ʵҪڽѡ̫ӣ˳аٹٸҳһšû˵̬ʱɱߣδûбܷ֮⣬һҶ˴˴νҪʲôתʹǮȥġԶҲý 
úһתʹǮȣʱʱսġԸ˵Щ֦ڣЩܴЩܣˣ㣬̫ڶಡ˭λĺߣ 
һ룺Ԫ͢ã̫͢ڱ󲻺϶˵˼䣬ΪˣǲܸˣԪ٩ᣬԪ꣬ı£Ҫϸӵӵ˶ЩͻؽһЦǵߣǵءƣҪ˭ 
ʱôվ˼米Ц˭Ҳ˭ǴԽԽáô 
ǣסᣬЦͷҾͽ⻰ȥ 
Ҫȥ̧⣬ѽףһʦǱߣȻǺõģȴ̫³סǳ¶ˡЦͷֻǧﱼ˵Ҫˡ 
µûʲôգգ۾ֻҪӵû£¾ۣҲ޷ġ 
ƶ졣Цһ䣬ӻ֣ȥɣ˵˵÷ϾϿȥˣҲ֪˼׷ 
һ죬һ漴ࡣ 
 
ЦһЦתһڼϣ漴һ˫ϸź˫ۣסֱͦı߽ӡ 
˾Ϊ 
ֱۣ飬Щˣ˯һ¡ 
ֻ֪δţĽõҲҪֻ˿ֲڣοͣһͣ͵͵ʱѺͶ޾ɺã𽵹Ҳĩ֪ 
סڣºͿü㶯ŭ飬֣˶ȥ۹ⴥɫһ̾һ㲻 
⿪ˮ߰Ƶֱۣ⵽һരǰɫཻ֪ЩСڡοԭҸҪҲֻܿšߵЦݽĩĹɫ￴ȥįˣȴǺá 
Ҷ˯ʱѼԺҲ̫ȣһʱˡһȴǶǰϳš 
ȲҪʵŵôҶ簵̾⾫񻹺ãҲ𴲡 
һϴȴǸ֮£΢ЦӺݵ磬ȫȻһɺ 
Ҿù󣬶ǰ·Ҷ벽ڻ԰ʯϲУ㣬޶ 
ת˸䣬Ҷһһһŵǣ 



14 
緣ɫĴ̤ʯͣڲԴߣūңԼӳͽѡ 
ˣ˫ֱżǿմأά²ܵƣϱ޺Ȼҷ¶ˮʪ͸հ봹԰㲣ٲԭȵʿΡҶ粻üö˶һɺŲգôģ 
ʲô 
жתƽĿ̸֮Իԣȫһö̡ϴİѪҺֻǲƤǼѪֻûôױ㸴ԭ 
⣬Ҷβ֪ĬƬ̣мҹ棬㸮еҲܶԡ׾ȹңܣұ棬ɡ 
Զɺڴ˴ȵľҶ仰һЦҲá˸ƣ 
ɺգδȻڹտҲѳܲסƣʹ࣬ȴ־ǿŲϺ߳ɫҲα 
俴ţлҶ˵Ļ֮ 
áҶ粻ɺҡҡ֣ɫ磬ǿЩ߰ա 
ȴ̾һʲôأˣԶֶôٶ໰ֱǰȥȴһɫĳҶȥǰһۣ̾ϢΣϧָ֮⣬ƽûѣζ˼ 
ǧȣţд巵ȴζӣ¥Ρ룬ܷߣ»һ 
ˣȴ绻ľҶһ·ƽĵȴǰͭʨң뵱УΪһԱ緢ɴ˶֮һΡ 
絽ĹԱԶԶƼǰ׷ӭǰʺҶҲһͬѣէȻüһЦﺮֻɭϣҸֶͬУֱֹ֣̽ 
Ҷ粻Ǿ٣ÿճ֮Уһڱڵּһ̣һСŴҴԽŶ۾ȺѰ£һƼҶ磬ʥּƽ֪ͼһѧʿҶ磬̵ݣ漴Ц˸񣬡ϲҶˣһʥر裬ԷټǶĸ 
ôҶпЦ 



¡ﲻǽҲЩ˾񡣡ƽϣ̫ۣЦӯӯشҶ磬һС̫ʣҶ齱 
л¡ 
Ⱦʦգɫܲÿġ 
Ҷͷһ֪λʥ߱鲼ѵһһֻ¶ȥʵǰղж񷽸ԭͱǣ̿֡ 
̫ЦЦ˹Ů̫࣬˼ͼһʩ棬Ĳ˵ⶾǳ֣֮ 
ʥȷʵһ޸ɡҶСĴ뵽ղѽϸϸֻӴȴܼ֮ѿڡ 
Ŷֻһô 
̫ѳһľٷƣбƣɨһҶȴ̹Ȼԣرܣʵ֤Ȼֻǵ 
̫ڲÿɷ񣬻£˵סڶ޴֮⣬ضѾ֪ˣˮ½תʹһְΪΣ 
ֲֻŶۣáҶ΢΢һЦ۳ı⣬ֱɳʹ졣 
Ҫתʹȡţȡҡ̫Ŀ磬Ҷ磬ף 
ΪģѾϤҶʣԥ 
̫ɫͣ̾ϢѡеģΪΣвֻ֪һתͻȻܣ漡֮ף¿еģ 
֪ʥ϶Ŀڶ࣬ȴ˵ҲһֻǴһʱȴη˵Ҷε˵ͷеģȴǳԸ 
֮⣬ǱǿģʱʼмΣܴ˱ȣΪβ˵ 
Ҷ缸Ҫ޵ݣʵʻӵȴܲ𣬵ǰ󲻹Σھʦʱˣǳ֮ܣҲԸ֮ʥ 
̫ҶƬ̣һ̾Ҷ磬ģҲ֪ȷίˡ޵ĳֺα⻼ˣ 
һίƽѶٺŭ裬ٻҹµ;붼˵ȥҶһȣæͷΪΪǣǳ֮ 
𷣡 
̫ҡҡͷĿо΢΢Щڶܶ£㲻֪˵ȷʵǷҵģּĲţʵڶΪ޳ȥٻվҽɣҲȲѣҶΪݵȣԼơһϵʾ⣬ 
Ҷһ·ԽԽ̫˵䶼ǲܳڵܣֱ׵ǳ֮ 
СĶ˹룬ɭɭһҺ壬ˮˮƾƷǾƣȴ쳣Ҳ֪ǺҶ࿴˫ֳϡ 
̫ȴӣ޸пɻʮˣ벻һҪõ磬֪ʲô 
Ҷ˫ֲ׾һ漴ƽ𣺡֪һһֶԿǣУǣ޾ȣɻȴнҩ 
ɻнġ̫Իͳһƿ֬񱡶ϡɼдӹĿעҶ磬ٲ 
˴Ҷ練򶨣һЦл¶ڱߣһ£ްü 
̫ҲĿ¶ͣЦҩʮһһһԾ޸˵ҩƷȥɣǹۣô˴±㵱ްݹƿȥգΪ⣬ȴ߰ա 
֮⣬ȻҪؾһˡҶ罫֮⣬¾綾֮ҲΪ죬ֻǵһЦĵҪѵο֮,Ҳδرûнɻ.˹ģƾղһҲٲ㣬ֺι㣬³ˡ 
ɴᣬ̫ȣ̫棬϶ҲѷɫжࡣȻκΪΪ֮綨 



̫ڶҶ׺ͣ޻ɣһپϯҶ䲻ƾƣҲ²٣СͳţнηȺ⣬ӻضҲ֪ 
 
 
15 
ԲŽ룬һ·תֱҶԺ䣬ڽǰͣ¡Ҷ磺ҶˣߣСŽ¡ 
ҹһҶͷԶЩֻ˷Ӭһ˵ţܣ˳ַˣˡҿߡǡ¡ 
˸÷ԸҶ˵֮׼ΥΪѣһ˫ȶطסҶ磺ȥɣҡˣ˸ظЦŶ˿ȥ 
ҶĽݣһľϣԼˮ΢ʱһֽ˹Ҷʶӹϲ˼£ЦĪҪʵҲ 
һƬžе߶Ҷڲ̧ͷǿǰˣ⾪ȣɺ㣿㡭Ϊ 
Ҷ˾ҵΪԺ͸Ŵˣˡڹһɺɫ仹Щ԰ף糿ȫȻͬ 
ɺûƽҶ粻ʧЦҵЦ㡭ǡЦҾ㣿ɱ㣬֪жַӣõšô᲻㣬Ļ⣬ĻϷҲͰˣڻҪҪ߰ߣүŲߣúܡҲҪ㣬Ҫ㽫ңҪ 
϶صţȥɺӣµǺɺֺ˵˵ţӰооӨôãԭҲǻµģ㡭ôˣûһûûɡֻҵģȴҲߡҲŲҪ㣬һҪͷһͣϣ˫ʶֹ 
 
ɺ翴ôˡ 
Ҷ磬ⳣģ̼ǴеǰҶ紽һ̩ɽǰɫĵ΢Цͣȴţ·ʲôҲɶҡ־Ҫȥķɺûаֺøеָ֣Ҳò֮ģơ 
벻Ҷ磬㡭棿ʲôׯأʲôʲô˵˵˲ĿһŶûˡ 
ȻɺԸȥ룬ԾãʱҶ磬ĺһֻСǶʧ˹ͷ֡ 
֪ǵ޻ǵЦɺǿס鴤漡ȥҡҶļͷҶҶˣǲǡȥ˯ˣ 
Ҫܣ߿ңҶ޺˦ɺ֣ٶȷ 
ɺֻһͷƫƫҶֺ޲һץסҶ˫ۣ뽫ǿаϣһ̾Ϣ𣬶Ҳ֪ڴ⿴˶ãʱ룺ա 
 
СĵҶ磬סƾܵ˫֣뱧ڻѣɫҶ磬㻹ʶñô 
Ҷ綨ؿ˶һһʶµĶү϶Ҫ֣ȫǶҡ˭Ҳʶô 
ƽʱɲ˵ҲֻܿЦȴһҲ֪ĳ磬ѾһǮءѾǸˣȷҪ̺ô 
ȻһƮܹȻǱȸҪõö࣬Ҷڵأǡҡ 
ɺ㣬ôĵģġ 
ɺ 
ǰǾﷴ˼ʣֻˣõģɺִ书ָߣ͸㣬ϲϲ 
ǡ 
ֻЧң㣿ЦЦɺ۹ͻȻޱȣɺҪӴ˿ֻҶһˣֻһ˵Ϊѵõô 
ɺҧס´򵹣ǡ 
ֻˣòãպؿҶ硣ɺһᣬδĶһ˵ 
Ҷ㯵ؿŶһҲЦ󣬲ȴ૵صһ䣺ǣ˰һڶУ˯ȥ 
ɺͬʱһ 
ǣ˰ 
̾һĿŰأҶӣȴǶ˵ģȻϲҪҪѾɡ 
ҡԸɺҲ֪Ϊλ³⼸֡ǳ׾ͻȻ𺳣ǳδйģĵĪһ˿˿ж 
ʵȸҪáһЦЦǼɲһǸΣ㣬ҲɰЩ 
ɺһδס 
ǸʲôӣһжƺòʵƽڵĻڵУҪ̧ͷɽ¶ˮֳһǡ 
ʣĪǼʵʵҲλһġ΢΢ѣ 
ɺٶ˵Ȼ˳οϡֵǣһеʱĲûԭеʹ 
Ҷ磬طڴϡ 



16 
Ǿ߿˶յӡȥֻС£ļ·󣬶ȻȻؽҶڻ 
֫ȫǿнʱĽӲ˯ʱҶ磬ʤȻ 
ƻУɾض£Ҷͣͣסȴ޶ϢҲȻ˯ȥ 
ϢȼţռϢ˵ˣһƬļž 
 
ˮ֪˶ãҶüض˶ӡ 
֪Ҳ棬ۣ̽ȡͷ籸µĲˮҶ磬ߡϸֻҶڻ֮Уֲ߷ˣһգˮδȵ˴롣 
ɲܹҡ૵һͷһˮϸϸҶСΣҶɫƽŶֳۣ˯硣 
ȴҲ޷˯ʵһҹ˹ڻֺγ˯ۼ¶ѡҶһȻ˯е˫գιˮĸζ̴棬ڿЦһӡ˫һѧ»ݡ 
 
Ҷ磬ǲҪ֪ҶƢԣ˿ǿռֻᣬѣȴٲ뿴Ĩı 
ֵֻѱ𣬼ȳԲ׷Ҳʤޡ 
 
ĥãĺѼ΢٣Ҫſ˯еҶ羹ҲƱܵ˻Ӧ෴ 
һֻһ޼᲻ȥһֽסҶ磬һ˳ߣഥڰ಻סֱȥС£磬ҡ 
ŶָⲦҶĺҲ͵͵ݳá޵һڣȴˮֱȻסٲܶȼģ֪Ƿŭһ˲䣬ֻݺݽҡѣ˭벻һУռ벻ˡͷ糱ͷȴֻȻһЦɿ˫֣Ŀߣ 
 
Ҷʱֻͷʹѣǧֻ۷һ㣬ѹסǣһֻȵư˹ŵȲᣬٺȵ㡣 
ϴ;ܴǡѽһ㣬ʹ 
㲻Ǻܻװϯôóã˵ƱҶľҪ㡭ʹô 
öˡҶͻȻֱֹʱŷѵĴǰڶһֺǰأѰͷܺϣ˵Ȼϸȫʹδͽζѡ 
 
˶ҶܿĴȥѰ£үΪλ 
ЦһЦҲǿջ֣ʥ飬㡣ô 
ʥЩ飬ַΪתʹҶ粻˽ϾɫδУҽձȥ쿴ȣүʲôԸô 
¾ַּûʲôҪ˵ģָۣҶ羱ǻּͬԶԭӵˣҲҪתʹҪСġ 
Ҷ˼Ƭ̣£һõܣѰ˼ܿҲɡظһ֣һЦ㽫ںδˣ˼ݣֶֶΣʣ 
ֻ΢Ц𻰣ҶߴټˣЦһһģܺô֮䣬Ǵζ 
ҶһҲЩףĵʲôεֻҺѣүĪҪᡣ 
ǡЦҶ磬Ҫ󣬡һ̻һ 
ǵôҶŭһ۶㰮˵˵Իּʥ϶׼һ±´ 
ݵʱ뿪һѳסۣЦΪζֱôǻϸ̸ 
Ҷ¶᲻һת˳£δ˸գ㵹£Һ漴ȣЦûáδ˵꣬۹һתѼһֻСƿ䴲ϣҶеµģʲô 







17 
ҶһݣɻĽҩԭǷеģȥʰȴֿ죬ǵûץסһһšڶϡ 
ſҶ֡ 
šߺЦһסҶ˫һƿϸϸ쿴ܲĲҩģ 
ϴ͵ġҶޱ飬Ը˵ࡣʱֵ֮֦ٱЩգʵǾ²ˡ 
ϸģж֪ЦЦ˳Ҷ磬˵ӿȫ˰գ 
ˣлүػҶ粻ɫӶȡƿʱˣүɷ볯 
ô̧ͷ˿⣬΢ף֪ۿһҹǽҪˣ˫۲ɽһһ¡ 
ʲôҶɻ 
 
ǷǷΪʱȴýˣЦ̾һҶϣ͵͵㻹Ƿһǡ 
ϢߣҶʶ˲ͷȴ㲻һֱۡ׶ΪζһƺִˣȻʵԸٲȥҶ絭³֣ǡ 
һǣ漴֣Цȥա̵˾棬׼ˣùߡ 
Ҷ絹ҲûжŶȥµģӦһתš 
ҶıӰڳʧͷ̯֣ʳָһ̣ݽǼ⣬һҩɢƢҶ絹ûʲƿƿǣָմ˵ҩĩĶ 
ҩﲢΪɻˣ޹ʱѧʮֶҩɻ䲻֪䷨ȴǼģҶϵĽҩβʶ 
ȻԼ޽ҩҶֲԸ˵Ҳֻܹ֪ѡ 
 
뵽ɻĶ񶾴üͷԽԽﲻͬⲢɥǱЧң̫ѡڳ֮ǰҶɻȻңǳԼġ 
ýɽҶֽδ㣿ڶǻͬղĹı߹սһ𣬲˼ 



ӶȻܵҶ̤ǰ밲ʺ򣬷ϴĩ˻ڳʽڵ϶̾СˣҶʵڲƣҲƵ˽ΣŷɺƥɫĬαߡ 
Ҷһ£ϡҹʱ˵Ҫɺ͸Լ벻ˡεؿɺһۣ֪ı⣬ҲԱۣʡȥȰ˵ˡ 
 
ʱֵ£ˣƣǽˡ 
Ҷȥƽ֪ӡţְֽƷ䲻ܸߣȴǻּѡģԭȾǵһԱ֮ʾ׽ѵġʤϢͨЩˣ֪Ǹ̸ЦɽĴ۹ҲٶЩͬ 
ûΣҡҶ緳յǡһ£֪ҪԼٶʺ޺鷳Ժ¡ֻҪѵöࡣ 
£뻧һۣȻȥҶۣҲͲض 
 
֪ĽηȺҶȴ뷨ѽΣȻȥҶݣԼִȾָϷ֮ģͬһңʱʱ䱸ʵǱչҪֻۡ˽ܱܶԶԶĺðա 
 
ȾҶ粽ţѰҽηһƫתҶ磬һ񣺡Ҷ˰ã 
?Ҷ翴ˣʧȴȫǻϲһѷԷԹż첻͸ǻƣʲôأ 
Ҷʧ̬ץס˫ۣһů֪Ƿ˷ܲǼٵģҲԼÿڻ򡣵⻰ȴ˵ڡ¶ɫֻգ"٣ȻҪϲŶԡ 
ôҶЦһֹ˿ܣļҿջأһȥϸϸİա 
˵ͷʱηڽҶֱǻظԼѰ͵סٴšη׻ֲҶлתˡ 
ɺȴ뿪Ҳ𻰣ֻվҶߴ˵ԶԶ˵ۿšҶ类ɺûڣĵңǴģĥõġ̾ϢһסͬѲǶҵģ˵Ǵ߰ա 
Ƴɺһۡ˳ʱ㻥޺øУ˿̸ѩϼ˪ĿڿлƼһǣ˭ҲáҶ绽ֻµܷ 




18 
ڳֺ̫׾ӰƫԺ䲻שǽҲľַԸ̫׾ӵĻͽˣζ˱ǣ 
ɺȴվҶҶ纬ЦҪһ÷ЦЦǣɺ״صغһŤ߳š 
¿徲ˡظ˳ȳԣ 
ҶЦһЦٷҲ᲻ãѵüôС 
Ҳֱ磬ЦŽǰһ̽˿ϻҶֱߣǾʦز˳ϲϲ 
糿æڣҶҲȷʵˣٿԡ˶£ʳֱһͷ꣬һЦƳĬ 
ڵĻʰӣͽһ裬ˣɺȴ񻹲ӰֻûˣҶҲ⣬˸£̸ж 
һ󣬾ӵעĿ˿ڲ裬ЩģҲ֪أֻǰţѵܹǼģһͻȻǹضˣأ˵ԷĲǣµ¶ѩƬƵϵݣۼһ㡣 
Ҷ粡ԶգȻ֪£ȻλǰǼģӻЩѪȴصĺܣҲһ֣ 
˭˵أƽö˶˵ؾˣԽԽ𣬵ȵ߶Ҫ׷ԭʱȴ˭Ҳ鲻ˣƳﻢòס 
̫ǹ֮²ҲˡҶһ̾ڻһֻңرǮǰìܴԭǶڹ۷̽ıˡ 
˷ݡȥͬѡѳţһ±ؽڣȻҪһţأģԽԽˡ 
ҶƬ̧̣ͷ棺̹һ£֪֪ 
û΢΢ɬ 
Ǻã㻹ҡҶҲȥϸΪҪ£˿Ц֪ˣҪأܸɵˣҿ滹Щ᲻á˽գ 
ôᡣ΢ͷܿҶ񣬵ЦҶԴ˵ĻԶġ 
Ҷһ漴ԸһԼ뵽Ķٷ꣬һʱп˵ 



ͷӰ뿪Ŵ䴵ƣһʱޱȡ˸Ʒ費һаƽͣٱϲǼǰ⵭չﻯ˿ˮԭ̬ҲֻǷѡ 



֪˶ã軹δԺŴѴҶˣ 
ҶףЦʶʣֱ֪ˡٻ͵øУȴƬ̶͵ 
ȥӦţЦҪ徲ٹһ¾ͺáţȻӧ磬㣿ʲô 
֮ǰͷŸҶˡ̤ŵһ˫СͯЦ۾˵ʶңҶɻصҪ 
Ƕͷһͯ󡣡ҶͷǰڶӸϼ 
Ҷ繧һԻͳţ˫ַϣҼӵһ⣬Цɡ 
Ŷ˿ˡҶ粻ȥӣûֽҳϣӰһѱ˰;ȥһɺ֪ӳûǰסźһǣչգϸƵǶˡ 
 
Ҷ翴Ѳ³֣ǡ 
鶾漴Цһţװģ˭أ 
Ǹģұ֤࿴һۡɺͷҲأŵݸҶ磬ȻֻܸҶ˵İȫΣ㽻 



Ҷ粻Ƕ죬չż㣬ͷӳپʣߣʮϡӶϡϡ϶㶫ϣ·ϡ϶·ϡ·㣬ȫǮԳڴˡ 
ԭֻΪѰݻᣬϿƪǮ֮ڣҶ΢һ֪Ԫ٩ڣߣĿϸ 
 
19 
̫ƽ˹꣬ʼ˽˰ʯһʯƺʮʯʮʯʮʯĶʮʯúʮʯʮʯ֮УΪף߹ݣϤڴˡȻʱ֮ȣ׽֮ʢȷᣬ֮˿ݣΪһ顣 
ĩгһּϸȻǽ׼·ݸĲĿǮġ 
Ҷ翴꣬ŵݸһתͷŵСͯʵ˻ûʲôҪ˵ 
ûˡϵдһʣŲæЦֻ˵Ҷ˿źҶûʲôҪ˵УҴûУҲˡ 
Ҷ粻˵˼ŵȻͷתҴˣҾͶ 
ɺһ㶣ڿţܲ³ҶҪȥʲôֻû뵽֮죬Ҳһ 
áˣСˡЦ˸񣬼Ҷ޷Ը⣬ȴֻͷһ䣬Ҷ¹ȻѹҼʱƳ㣬Ҳѹ֡һ仰δ˵꣬˵һЦŶȥ 
һǺöɺһѹʲôѹҼҶүҲῴӣô 
ˣȻܻشɺҲֻвãⷢй䣬˭֪ҶˣһЦǡ⻰˵ү 
ǣ 
˵ӡ˵ѹӻ뷽跨ɱҡ 
ɺŶһֵ꣬ţü֪ǼǼٵġǻ֮£Ҳ֪ͨ 
Ҫһ֮ڸؽȻģ֪˶ȥҶ̾˿˵ûһ£ʾãȴЩұΨҴδĹ֮˵ؽ󣬹Ȼͬ٭Ҫ߳һ 
ˣ춯Ǻ⣿ɺ˳ 
ԣѸ֧սƴսĿȻȻҪ٣ȴҪʵȥ֪ʱڣ¶ˣҲȥ˭ȥҶ£޸п㲻øˣҽЩүաĿȥĿԱȨתʹҲްġ 



˵㣬Ͷȥɺȵһԥ㲻ʱʱһңߵʱȻߡ 
ûؾȻͬɺԻţһ·ȥҲҶЩɫɺҶ˵İΣͽˣ㶨ҪСΪǡ 
ΪҪСģɺЦƲ˴˵׼ĸ˵ƫƧأԸȽˣˣɱԣ 
֪ɺǹԼǳֻҪʲôһͷүҲʲôΣ 
ҼүкιϵȻЦ 
Цô۹վѿɺԶ֮⣬û˵ȥֻһЦɺʾҲͬɻȥǵ˼ѵҿô 



һ԰нϾҶҲȥᣬţһϸĥԼˣȴδ뵽ͬһʱ䣬иҲΪݷ 



ڶ峿ҶɺҴ뿪ʦȥǰɺرϸȻ΢㯣£ҲھұУϾˣֻעɺãͳһȥա 



ʮ֮󣬼ɳ̫گԪ٩Ϊ̫ӣ㣬п⸮¡䳣ιΪιߣѫһת 
ϢʱҶ;Уʾʼǣ˶ңʦпף̫λöӶȥ 



20 
붬ˡӦﾢļڣ׼һȴ˼꣬Ƶ͵ģյ׵ЩŽˮԼȥꡣ 
ֵ̫Ӳʱڣͻ䣬ȻϷŹȺʱһ˷ų޵ŭĴԣԼشڴ֮䣬ټɲѪԭڽϵΪΰӰ֮ǵݣòԲɻΪ¥ݣ¥ʱɢоӣҲòˡΪԭˬ壬ּ˼ܣύһȥ֮£ĺҲ㽥 
ǲʲôҾģ䣬֣ŮͶͱȻ۶ʣȻ֮ 
ȻֵĽô 
վڴǰеĲ裬Щ겻֪ʱˣһһεΣܲͣڸׯ˲鱼ôǻģ˾һִӣֻй£ӲϧԼ塣 
 
ݺݺ߿߿ԺȻѽ˾ĲвٲȻһ֮ɸ˻ԭơ 
Ҳͷһ˿ľ䣺źô 
ķԸһжѰ׵鴹׶𡣡 
Ǿͺáµʱ䣬ţ 
ǡ 
ֻһС£ȴΪϵǸˣȻšȻڵúܺá΢΢һʹ 
õ˵ͷȥ˭ҲУЩй˻Ს 
 
ô 
ˡ󵨡ֻǲףôΪƫҪ͵֣һݣ⼸طãһ񲻱ȴҶʾף 
óһ£΢΢Цˡ 
ݾһģֻ˺δȴдĲͬҶ˴εȵǾ뱱ݲ㣬ػ˳սɾ⺷ӲӲܾ̫֮֡ڲϵ߽գź÷Ƕ֡ 
Ҷ硭ǲ٣ 
ΣЦԸĪҪ˵šնҶֶνٷȳﲻʲô 
ĶǼ٣Ҷ;һӴԲ档鰵̾˿ڻ̲סˣҹҹȣ˴ʧŵĻ⡭Ҳ 
ԭӢ۸ҲͲס˿һƵĥ 
 
ò֪˿˼Ƿ绨ѩ£ĬֻԲ⣬ȻһЦȥɡҶΣ㲻õġ˵ҲԼǳδĲࣿ 
ˡε͸麣иģǿеĽ黳ɬѹĵףЦҲõúáͲ֪˭ 
֪ʧԣϾȻһȣҶ飬˷֣һЩˣȥʱ͵Ե 
ǡ鼫֪Ҳһӯӯȥȴ̾κ˲Լ 



 
һ·ɽ׼ˮת½·ݡݡһձݡҶһͣ㣬ҹ̣ۿݾǰֻȺݰװ˺ɼһ·˳ˮȥ 
ò׷磬ֻ¹ĹٵȴŢУֶ룬δ磬۹ٱϵ¶һ󺹡 
Ҷ翴˿죬·̲ӦҲȷʵƣˣй٣Ը͵Ϣ 
ٺһھʿף𣬷׷׾͵ѰҸﴦˮ͸ͷ˯ʲôĶС 
Ҷһ£ǰ󣬲ɶɺЦ̾ͬǽү£زǡ 
ǵȻɺҶ󣬰Ȼ𣬡Ҽү£ϣӪϢҲйأŲɢ 
ҺþҪˡҶչһֹöȣʹӲˣȴ¶΢Ц֪㻹뽮ɱؾұȥˣһգ񲻿ϧ绹үȥա 
֪Ҷ粻ϲԼԼҲβŸֱӸˣɺҲϴ󲻸ˣһֱ㽫ҶƿϡҶһѾֻֻදһů͸룬֮ʣʹҲࡣֻɺ 
һкôģǲǣˣң㽫͸˭ǡɺԭǶһ䷴ĵ׵ίŴ˵ 
ġҶɺ˵˻֪дʹһʱ֪Ц㡭̫ˡˣɵգ㰮߱ߣɺã 
áɺһߵĴֻų֡ 
Ť򽻵ҶҲЩ֪룬һЦǰ𣺡Ҷøɰӡ 
ҶķɣõĺӡӦ͵ֺ 
ֱ֪˾ĽͷӣͷҶҲ棬Цл̧١գˡҲˡɺǿӲѹҶ米ϣ˿ûз˼ 
Ӷ˻һЦòѹֻѳֻ벻ĵѧʿҲһڣ⡣ 
ȻҶλȨأֺֻõģҶ˵ʲôЦһ£Ǵˣо;УûʲôģҶͺá 
ǹҶ˶ᡣɤֱӵ̽ӻرǰһɽ괦ˮµʯˣ޷ͨУҶ˿·ߣڿһȱڣ 
 

21
ҪƵм·ߣҶʡ
˶һֱۣӵֻһĶԶ·
ȥգƽϡҶʾɺƿƣվ˿ͻȻȸĵߵ·ֻһǱ֮ɰ
꣬Ҷ˵֮ȻסȻַ鱦ӴͲ㣬˭Ż⡣˴˿Ҷƣ˾ᷴԣЦԸǣ׼
һʮˣ磬ʱʯɽڡҶ統סĿǰµľ
ɽһߣԭϿдɽʯӵ񡣻մɽ飬ɰʯ鶼εضסɽխһΣҪ˵ƥҲͨ
зĺۼҶ˼һʱò⡣Ҫʿ࿪ʵ֪ҪѶʱգҪת·У֪ΪΣԼԼв֮С

ͻһڴգһ𾯾ɽ֣ˢˢֳһžװֳ󹭣չλβ֪ټʸ׼ǡ
ɽͷߴһӰֱͦ˵ˣҲͬȣ磬
ֻмϸĵˣܴǼƽһ˿Ѱļϧ֮£˭Ҳδ⡣

Ҷ˿̣ʹҪ𾪣Ӣʮݣ㡣
ҡ֪Фõط곡棬ҶݵΣ㵲ŵһۣѳֲסڱ뽫ñ§ڻúðһǿס΢Цɫ̹ջǲļ
ҶѹסΪˣ
Ȼ³֣øߣѿԶԶӰܶȻǼ֣һЦ磬ƲרΪ㱸µġˣ·УĵˣϸϣҪʵؿԲڴ˴㡣
Ȼ֪ҡҶ絭һ䣬ߣȴ֪ǺζҷҶ֪ǰһգ벻þ֮죬ĵֻʹ
ϯ˶תǧһ˿̾ԶİؿܵɱȻҶֻѣʲô¶ţҵһЦ޷ԡ

˲֪䰵ӿҶͷֱʣѿ󵨶Ҳҽ٣ɱͷңô
Բϣԭֻݱߣ볯ͥãҶ磬ȴҲŲ۹⣬ɫɾɵ࣬ҲһһԽԽǾ£֪ҶȥѸٿ⣬֪
һתҶһߣʱų˵Ҷٷͨ˳Լ󣬳Լ£Ҳû֮ء
ֻºҪΰ磬ô˿ȴҲȥ롣ϢͨҲ֪Ҷѷɻƣ̫һ£Ҳ²ߣһ
Ҫ˽£ͻȻȻ죬Ųҽ˻һɷҡһݣ֪бʣĿңңȥ
Լҵ֪ʲôţѲƣαȴҲӲȥֻһţж

磬ʲôóʡ
ǹҶ֪֣ᷢҲȻʱڱ˼֦벻ó
ǹ˵ƻҩһ,һֱδ׼,벻Ҷټ,Ҳ˹,һЦֻǹãҲҪʲôáڣǲͣ֡
ˡҶΪףǰҷԸǻһֻҪҲס֣Ǿͣ

òɿЦҶľǿ᲻֪һõŲӱãֻʵ䷴£δҲֻвһ;С
磬ܵġ




22
ǰҶ粢ζУ˲ԶǴӵ룬¶Ҷȥ·ɺҲΧУ֣ҪԭѣȻҶָʾɺҲֻţ䡣
ɽԽԽ£ʱͣפϢյصĽʣ׵£һһ⣬Ϊģŵضţ˭Ҳж֡ҶĿϸΧαɢЩҲǾʦֱִټ䣬ڳӦսлɢ
ͬʱھʿ۹һͶ˹ȥϢȴһƬž

ʤͻϮռ˵ǿɵξлǹҶһסޱ鿴У侲ͬɵ£ҲǷסġãҪΪƴܾô
ǵŭˡðһԼֺγùȻ˿ȴãֻºϸϸ˵ˡ
ǹ󹭣δ⻹֪ġȻһЦ͸ĵףȻ˵һΣδлٸǷڶΡ㣬㲻ܾˡοһбķӡ
Ҷüõı֪ģʲôӣ
Ҫ㺰ͣ
Ǳеһԡ
ΪҪõòؿЦһ̾ĪΪһвڻֹס꣬ѹ磬֪ģ㡣
Ҷ΢࿪ͷԸĿֵһ˿飺ҼѳɵУЩᡣ
ǡȷʵ˵Щʱ򡣡ûͷȽ£ա
ͷһХԶԶش˿ȥ
ĳźţҶھɣѼľгˮӿһȺŮУЯɫԻƣһ·ľ޼ҿɹ
Ҷ򶨣ҲɵһŭãǡҪʲô
֪˲ôô¶ƳǳһЦʼޡݻȳΪľ㱻ʳ⣬űҰٸˣֻһЩ˴ǣʱݾѡΣȴ޸ɡ
֣ͥʹãعԱ²Ҳϳ͡ٶȴǺεݣֻҪ֣һɱ⡣Ҷɫɭ䣬һһעãɿңļǳΪԩꣿ
ֻǳһЦ



ǱһѺѹѹΧûˣλεĵǹ޶ãֱǰϰξᣬ˺ת˶ˡ
ƽתңԭ֮һʰ֮ҶֻϺһεζ˳֮УĪڴˡЩ񣬰ɵնȴݿڣת۱١ɱǲɱѡ񶼷ԸԾϡ
ùüıױ㶪˸ֹ֮ҶѡΪΣԼȴɺ֮

Ҷ練˼֮ʣȺԽӣͻҲԽԽңۣȻξ¾˫Ѹˡһʱ䣬ŲҺС֮ͯ۲׷׵ضһţһԶֱҶѹ
ڴˣȻԥӥ䣬ɱˣҶ粢ǲ¼Ȩ֮ȻԽԽ︸Яӿļ񣬶ĿſȲһֱʳɱﶨûõģҪɱɱ֮þ
ˣģһ֣
ס֣Ҷڻ֣ӳݷųһȴסξΪףȻһͣס



ֻǹ߻ȥǹ֦ҩಿӹУ
ҶҲĿ⣬ɫˮطָһ·αǹ˵ģССһŶѸٽǹҳΣҩɢָ԰ӣ䲻䣬Ҳǿ
ÿа̾Ȼ˼֪ԼҪǹϸзƣԱȻȥ˾ٲνȻжԾȻ֮⣬ҲǷˡһʱĵװٰζ֪ν⣬వ磬Ǻαء

ҶƳһ۹ƽҪݣ㡣ÿ·ߡ
һмƲ߶ѳɹݼȵ֣ξսҲޱҪһ£ѵصʱԣֿһ·
Ҷ΢΢һͷһ仰ҲԸ˵ֱǰУһȴǱԵסŨīǿߣ
һҶؿͷλˣҲض˵ֱӴʿؾʦա˷£һΪܻŻתԻͥ
Ҷˣ˽һжв֪һ붯ݣ˳
ȥɡҶƣ룬Ҳֻ̧˻֡



ۿξϢĴͷɥȥԶҶĮȻתãҪ˵աһȴƼɺɾȵػȥ
ӡɺҶһۣڲٳ˵ζȻҪ㡣ҪǲȻҲɴߡͦ죬˵һһ˫ãҶҲδ֪



ɺҶ类ڵֱ˵£Σת˼õˮţһʹתҲԸܴߣұߣ˺ٸ㡣
˵ġɺüһЦǷ֣סҶͿһЦתʶˣΧ˶Щȴ˶࣬ס




23


סҶһ۰ͬʱصסɺδ˵ɫȴһб¶š
涯ŭʱõĿ⣬ѪħͷҪη֣ɺȴ⣬ЦţͻȻѩâһѿ׵ذγ˫Ͽȥ
ִ٣ȴԾЩЦصļǾ˵ģһ棬˫Ʒɺ˻ȥƷ羢顣
УעⲻҶ磬ָ뵶ⲢҶ״˳һ֣˺󼸲ԿСΧõĲ֪࣬Ƕϴ󼫾ģ֪ðȻӣҲֻ֣ǽΧһȦս
Ҷ˺󣬶ֵ˲ǣԷſһ޲ЩԷ򵹡˶֣伱ңһʱյӰ쪣Ҷ粻գ翴ͷĿѣ˼Ҳ֪ϲֻտյйɳð֮ԭһ˿ȳٻﵭȻҪնȴҲʹ಻ס
ɺȻ鶯õսָ׿ʱռϷ磬ɺ˫ƷʩչҲųս̲ס¶һ˿΢ЦֻýԷ¡
ɺҲ꣬΢΢תмƽϡ˺һ֣ɫڿбը˲𣬽յס治Ҷʣھ㵣΢΢һѶһˣӵסҶ磬۽ģɺߡ
ܴߣſҲɺα켫ãĿŨ̲У־ȻƣʲôҲûײϣɳ˰ΧȦӡҲ֪õĺ㣬ûһ˷ǵĶ
гʮɿ⣬Ҷ԰л
áɺ΢ЦⴵҶĶȻԸҲø쵽
ҶΪߣ΢Ҫ˵ңңһЦû꣬Ϊμߣ
ЦԶѸٶҶȻͷõӰ䣬ⱼʱǰ
ɺ΢ЦȴڼתʲôӲٴ˦ˣҲԿҶ磬Ц磬۹ʲôʱˣСҲҪ
Ҷ絭ȻһЦɫǹ߳ĳÿɷ񣬷ʣһҪô
һȥвԽԽأǷϵ̫ϵѲҪʹǣ޿صĵزȥ˵Щеؿǰһ֣סҶı۰
һ̵Ķ̽ʶؼõϣˣҪ뼡͸Ѫ
ȻסٻϵҶ磬ȴδջأҶ粻ܲȻ޲Ӹӡ
Ŀ⽻ᣬ˵羪κˣƽתֻͣǲ֪ΪΣ˵ֶ΢΢Щѳֲס
ɺۿǣͬаӿ˿ó֣ʤӦֶ˼֣Ȼ˾ȴҲԸ¡
Ҳ֪˶ãҶٲ޶ԣЦһãҡλ䵽زգңΪҵ壬
þȻΪҶ絲ɺǴδ˵ԭ֮Ҳѹֻϧ⾰ѽˡ
ҶƵķֺϣ޸ɣȻܴ죬ɺдǿ⣬ĪػЩ΢΢Ļϲ޲Ҷ罫ѹЩã׾Ѳźá
ҶȻһȴΣǷתԼȥɺδϵһһæȥʱȴֿ죬۹û뿪ҶҶ練һ̣죬ȥ裬κӰǹȻѹˣȴѴ뼡֣ѪȪӿʱȾһƬ
һͬСɣҲ˲ʲôȣʲôȣЩ磬úͿʲô
һҶ³ӰɫǴδйٳĶ顣Ƿһ˺ҸΪɡ
մѪʯϷۣҶ绹ڳѪЩҳһƬͷҲ򾲻֪ȥ޴֮У֪˰󣺡ֹѪҲǡ˵
˵ҵжԵľƲ䡣Ҷƣرۣɺ˺½ΪԼ˿ڣҶԸȥ룬Ϊֿ֪ٶҲɲᣬЦ̸˭֪ǲܡҵĴȫȻˣҶɼ֮ʱҪ˵ģҶֻ֪ǣˡ
ͷ߰աɺȻ飬һ§Ҷ磬һֻֿ֣˼ָңǸѲ飬˲֪ĺáޱ߼ʵţȴɣһֱǰС
ñϷţȴסҶ԰ɫ˫עеһ䣺ҪǰһãȻ֣ۼһƥ㷭ɣŶˣϦ£ͷҲصؽԶȥˡһȣ÷֪˾磬Ѫ



صʦҶ綪ʧʥȻŭ´Σ䡣̫һڹԱ׷˵վҲֻС󲻹һٺ꣬תʹȴڣ߹أǰЧһ֪ǱŷҶˣҶɾδʧֻ̫³裬˭ͽᣬ죬Ѳ֪˳˻֡
Ҷ缸ۣƽ࣬һ΢ЦӦȴѷԶǧɳ嫴Įٺܳ۳ݺᣬ֮һϳ̣ѪΪ̣ϣҲ£ùз޾
ѼȬȴڴУ̫ӲϧҩġжǱ⣿ҶҲȥ룬һΪΪԭʱѧµԸȥǣܲǱˡ

ڶ

1
ųϵѽתůĴȴٳٴءδڣ̼бҹ䣬Դĺ⼸Ҫֽ˵ļ
ȥﶬʱ֣ɾسģڱ߾ؾ۱Ρ¼ǡ֡ݣնɱνʮ߹漱ͥȴæָǨδϢ׼ָңһʱ˴ʧˣͷöòҵϵϵֶ뷷ŵҲɳ⡣
ʲԭӥǳս壬һ·ݣһ·Զ룬ΪǣɺΧ֮ƣ롣
ȥһ·ֱεأ񣬲ν⣬Ȼȴ֮춱׼ؽҪñ㳲𣬴ݶУȴԼиҪһ£֮ȫػ
ǰ᳷ȴѱξݺΧȥһϵᣬý괺ѳɶ֮ƣξռ˶أֲ¡

¡
ڳ죬һĹ΢΢ڶɽ䣬紩
Ѳ̲ס˸λɽ紦Ҳѹֻ˸Щһߵͬۼѳҹɫ͵͵˸ӹѲӹ˼ڣյ̻ѪܶȫΪ֮һ̡
ѾһˣỹʮоӾǰﱿָˡм֮࣬ﲿʮ˳ڷ˾ɧ
꣬Ҫ˵ȻѲܵͣͬ黹ǼֹסĵػһҹɫɽʯԼ޶ŷͼ͵ص㶮ʲᣬ˿϶ᾭҶҮɽױ׿ڸҵġ
ҮɽҲˣѲһΪֻӡֶЩ㯣˭ػͶλһ
Ҳ֪ǻܣҲûҶ˵ͬ룬˵ҮɽЩ𡣡
ѲĴʣһڱ𡣼˾ѲӪˣʿһ죬ٷ졣
ɽĮĮȥҲ֪˶ãǰĹٵͻȻꥵĳ죬żҹ
еΪ֮һ˯Ķȥƣ⣬׷۾жȻнȴʧ߲ʮһСöӣװ磬쳣ⷽ˼ٴеĳȣʵ
һʱٶġ

ԽԽδɽϵΣգӶ̤˷Ȧʱѵɽ¼һڣش˿ǹ֪˳ȥֲ֪ж乭׼ӳ

Ҷˣ
ȼĿյյͬ硣ͣµǰһƥʿףŨü򣬸塣
һƬžʲҲδ
ʿһǰ಻סһ־Ҫǰȴʿ΢һסҶ˾žҼҽĽѾã֪Ҫɴ˾ֵǰӪһ𡣡
Ƭ򾲹ᣬ춴һ̾Ү࣬ΰҵ˭ԭλˣѹʢ顣
ɫ¶һţˮݣ¶糣½Ҳδһ˿䲻֪˭ľǲĺӣΣңݲȵȣá

Ҷ˼ǵãֵܵҡҮ˵赭д罫ȫһ̫֪ǰգΧ֮Умּɵֻ֪ͻȻʲỨʱ磬붯ա
ȥ
ҶİӰЦ̽һüĿ续ɺа˫ȥ
Ȼһ֣Ӱʹ˻һſɺȴҶӯл꣬һһԶԶԾɣۿҪӳΧȦ
 


2
׷
ɫ£ҮĿסǰĨ£һȣȫԥ˳ȥΣӵǽҲУһӵ𣬲˼ڵͷ
ΰһᣬ׼Ʒ꣬һҲȻɺֻͷһۣԶһ٣˲
ҮϷɿԾӰЮֱɺţɺ΢һ˹ȥṦԭҮʤλжһҶ磬Ȳܶ£ҪϸйᣬѱҮۻƷס֧׾ʩչ
˽սֶҹۣԵĶһҮҶ˫Ŀϣ˳бɺǰģĵɵرһŭֱƽѡɺ񣬷ܣҮ༱м䵹Ҳ֮ʱΰˣҲѺҶӽ֣ɱ˪ʤһʱѷ֡
ҧභ䣬һ죬ңңɽʯᴫҮһݣδͷɺȻһү
ұһͣҶԶԶڿ˳ȥҮԾأȴɺ˫ƲסáҹɫһЦԶԶشƳΪһѵȴãҮ࣬㻹־᣿

Ҷ粻£ɺЯڻԾŲͷͻˣ˿ڰգ߷Хܿյһ䣬ѣ֮УⱾܵһ˿
¡
ϴĵİοҶֻһůһ߼ʵ֮С۲Ȼ˿üĿȲǴ˴αǻ˭
㣿˭͵ϮӪҶüͷһ壬ϲá
ȥˡΪ˽ϽսŵùŶԡЦĿͣҶϣơȻۣü˷򣬻䵭ĳζΪˡ
Ȼ֪ʱ˵ؾɵʱȻʱһˣ¸޿ɾҩһҲ֮ȥԩֻÿЦŲŲӣҶԼı仯磬˵ǿҲжղˡ
˧ǸȥġҶ粻ĺ΢ͷܿȵߣֻյУǱ߲ս
֪ػ˵˽˫ֻۣ΢Цзִ磬µġҶһѣ̲סֵͷ˭ҲȴƫҪյзܷġ
⣬ȻҶĬȻΣǱߵľƣѾˣֵһȥơ

ӣ˼֣ӵĲɴȻԭ˭±ѣ֮ᶼǣֻ»ҪƼ֣绹µسסԲν͡
ֻǣ£̾˿ؽҶԼһͬϣϮ죬ûдȺͬһ°ɡ
᣿Ҷͷɨ˶һۡʱϽٳٶ۵˶޷оǵ쳣ĻȣһȻЩ죬һ̫ˡ
ôЩӪǾҶ䵭ȴû˵ǰһᶯŭ£ȴֻĮȻĵĳЩѾˣʣµֻʱ䡣ԼԹޣɡ

ֻʣҮˡӰҴ˫ҶȻǱֱģһľ룬˵Ļ
㶨Ҫڣˡ̰ؿ̺Ĳ徢ķˣָ˵飿˺ӲвͨģŻɽǴɣһɱˡ
ҶЦһЦõġΣЩģҪұץˣҲһɱˣҲɴࡣ
˵ĺֹ
ۣս䣬ʲᶼпܷкκ˵.Ҷ絭ȻһЦ磬ǰȺʮ˵Χ춽Ү£廨˹

ҮЩңڴ˺Ƶģ䱻ڲȥѱҶӸ¿¶һ˿΢ЦҮɽڶˡ
㡭µǻ㣿
Ȼ·ߵķԼųȥġҶݸ֪ǶƽﶨأԶֵĵص㲻ָ˳˵һ䣬۽ѴϮǴӪȥˣΰˣǳ䲻⣬ʤӦܶࡣ
թĺˡҮһҾϥ 



3
Ҳûʲҫ£ҶӺ䣬ٱЩ˿˵仰˾ˡҮ࣬Ϊλף˾ˡ
ҮƬĬ춻ϣˡɱҰա
ҶֻһЦѡ˴¡һӻӪ

·϶Ҷ繲һⲻ˼׶ĥ֣Բԡ˶ӪʱҶһ󺹣ҲδõõԲǿ԰࣬ϢЩ΢΢ȡ
ҶԭǱ߹أǰЧģ˵Ǵ֮ûöȻҹ칦ϣʱͻشҶκ˲ΥڣоȨһ֮߾¡
Ҳ֪һڽٶ˼־⣬ǶԦз볯ּͥⲻһȻӦŵһ顣

Σһ׽㣬Ҳɱ㡣Ϸţ΢ЦҶȥ磬Ҿӷȴ⣬Ƕ̸С
ɾ᣿ҶɶɢϯὫԼ˵أɫֻǵ
ֻҪ˻һж뷨ӡ̲סЦҶȥ£̿ȼܣ䣬һʲ취ҲûˡҼҪ䵽Σվء
ҵ壿Ҷ翴ΨһһŴ󴲣üįĨ⡣
ɫӵסҶ˫磬Լ¡ΪĲŸɣҶ򢣬Цˣռ㣬Ҿ̲סģҲѧЩαӣҪȴװ£磬ضҪ㡣
áҶøɴࡣ
һ㶣ʮַӣҪҶĥĥͷɣȴû뵽ף磬㡭
֮ǰҲҶοǯƣתͷȥϵ˱裬ɫĮȻ֪ʼշŲͷӣҪģһҪõҲԸΪ£ƽϣս񡣺οĿ΢΢м࣬Ҽʱܿܵù㡣
԰׶飬̵öĵ׺ݺһʹȻᣬ곤ɱϣΪŹֵҶϲ֪˶ʱյģЩϧǵסӿһ§סҶЩƣ磬һ֡
ϵˣҶҲ⣬ۣһи⣺ա

벻÷ڶΡرҶ磬򴲱ȥ
ϵﱻһ⿪ڵءҶȻۣҲܾԽԽȵߡһֻǰҶ̲סһ£ҧû³
ù⻬ļ磬֪ǰԡǲרΪ׼ģϴȴӵʻ
Ҷ԰࣬;Ⱦԭϰԣȴ⣬գֻǽס֡
ңװҲ᣿磬档Ц²Ƶ壬յǰֿɼԽŵȴҪҶҲУסӣڸۼԽȾһ㱡Ρ
Ҷ֪ԼδϢ˴߹أǵĵ̣±ػһòãն㣬ʵҲͷ֮£սҪЦԷˡҶʱ鰮žĻ䣬¾иĮȻͷҿӹı벻һˣҲ㡣
˭֪һǰȴͬҶÿҪԼǴֱ룬ʱ෨ӣҪԼѿֻ̣һҲ͹ȥˣϰ춼ûԤеʹϸวҪȼһ𩤩龰֮䣬˵Ϸ¡
뵽ãҶͻشʹԸ룬ȻҪ
ŪҶǰ̺죬һ΢мף̽Ĳã㲻ϲ

Ϊ̫棬Ż˴㱡Ȼ仰ȴ֮춿ڡ 


4
롭ͿЩ˵㼸ʱҲûˡҶѹ΢΢ĴϢȻĿ
᣿һ˿ЦȾ϶ҶƷϲϬܲ׻˵Ļֺ̿ͼӱܣսĶ磬֪֪ҪΪ仰ʲۡ
ҶһſڣѵסϸϸһҲĻߣ̽˽ܡҶһֻӶһ㣬飬ͻס꣬һֹסѳ
ɫ˫뵣ȴƫ־䵭ԳֵģĵȻһҪʧȥԿأסֻǳҶ˫뿪ĵǿ̽ȥ˸ǣֱҶȫ̱ӽϢʱŷſ
Ҷл㱣һѵȼҲɲԼħ֮Ⱦ˺죬Ҷ䲻ʱҧ˴飬ʱʱػصСӪСҲԽŪһҲҶѡ
ҽҶȫȳԽԽߣ춱һͳֻһЦһȻס˳ڣƻ磬Ǳˣ᣿
Ҷ类Ӳ۷أܣβŷӦ⣬ŭȥҲӵ˰֣Ȼȫܣֻúݺݵص˶һۣȴҲ鳱δ˶ֻģ㡭ſң
Ƿſ㣬Ƿſָ΢ҶЦҪֻҲϣ硭㺰ҵ֣ұͷţΣ
롣Ҷ޺ҧסϢݳ㾡ĥҺˣƫ⡣
ָοأҡͷЦ㰡źáӣסȻӲָɶ
ҪҶ类ʼϲĶһæȥƣСȴĺ͵øһ̵Ȱ˿ĴУҶһͷ˳
ǽѣҶ޵ݣٿһۡ£ȥ߲ҺҶһ£Цˣ磬ұ֤ģ˵»иࡣ˵תҶʹ丩ԣ̧βɵؿʼһ

硭Ұңɲɣ
ѹϷӽҶڣɫҲǰδеңһ̵ֳͦ

ֻ򵥵ִʻؾʵû֤ƽ˵໰
úݡԹ
µδɵ˵ԻȻһ̣ĳͻȻײȴŶһγڣҶۣУ¶Цݣˬʣ˵ᡣ

һҹ޶ȵĽǵڶ緹ֻͽڴ϶ȹ
ҶƤͷȻҲֻĸɺЦ÷źòɫʢ뷹͵ҶУҶҹۣղɲһЩ
ҶؿͷɫŭҲûɺ۵һӶĸ飬ӹԡ
ȥɣҡ΢ЦɺϴҶ絥ദκʱתҶһ࣬οԣ𼱣ͷЩͼŵ;࣬ҪϢᡣ
ҹ˵;ࡣҶһֻڶǰеİ򾲶ѱֵס 



5
ʱѾ˴꣬಻ϸţëˮǵòߣ·ȴһձһŢ
УһµʿԹٵ۶ˮĽʱ֣ð涼Щ⣬ΪʿңңƼ·һֹסУʶת˽ȥ
ǾþѵģʱԿռ䣬ܵȼµģˮݸģ˾ְæңΨһûΪ׵Ӣ꣬ᣬƫأĿģȻ
Ҳ֪˽ŲԶԶزȥ֪˶ãһĵĽŲ걳ᣬ֮͵Ůȹˣȵա
飬ġװعüӢĿãӹСѣһҸǣһɰãã˵ҩʳζ̾廨;߶в㣬㻹Щʲᡣ
ǳǳһЦҲתˣ
΢΢һѣַ£Цǰ£һмȶ䶨ֺ档
Ҳá鷭ƣ¶һݺ˿סֽķɸ봫飬Ҳա
Ϣ鶯ֽѵУչЦ޷ġ
ŲˣƫҪ˵顣һ̾ƭأƭѡ

ŵ߹أüƴ˸ʤ̣ɾ졭չϸ߲һ΢Цο󽾰תȴɵɬԭǸõ˵ġ
ҶǼƾףݣҲһС龧Ө۲һЦɼʤһ
ҡÿЦҡҡͷ̸£ҪˣȥɡеĴַŻذϣҲߣûʲθڡ
ĬȻӹ˳ſʱͻֻͷڣθվǺòˡҪβȥأ
ʼδ˶٣һ˲ʹ࣬˵ʲᣬջǻ˻֣ణȥɣʱǰøϵʮɣЩ²ġ˵߾ߵģмˡ
鴹ͷٶ໰ȹڵϽнԶذϣһţȻ

ĮķȴƽԭӹɳԶɽĳǽһʱҪƬģĻ
Ӫڷչϡɼɷĺɫ֣ӪȴһƬƽͣڱҷڣս׵ΧϵĵͼָۣһϣҶһطɫ񾲣ֻǺЦԡ
Ǽ˶Ƕµĵ⽫죬սˣⲻҲһ㣬ư˼ƵˣȻҶ罭߰ͼһۣﾩ⣬ʹھ˿ڣ˴εδȳȵش˸ʤ̣磬˲ѣĿдԵʣ߹˵ҶʱľҲû֮ġ

ɣԬߣǼʲ᣿
صһƣ˿˿ܽױЦ˽һϮɫ׳ĵΪӢͦȡ
ԼλӵʵĸҲ֪ԭЦ˸񣺡˴ܣػŻˣǼֵ£ڲ²ҶпգҲ˹ָһ
᣿߽ͷƳҶһۣЦ֪ңҲҶ˵ĸ߼ء
ҵҶȻһЦĿ²ִʧ̬ҼȷҲ𣬸ɾսǧ򻯣֪Ҫվһ֣¹ٻЩ񣬸λڴ飬иˡ
ƿţͷҲص˳ȥֻӪƿԡβǵһΣҶֻҪһţͷʹʣԹΪɣ̱˳ȥҲƶһۡڽߣΪҶʣΪԲת˭Ҷ˵߾ߣҲͣ
αȻҪŭˣȴȴϢ͵ȥɫƽֻͣڴǶ˿Ц֮⡣˸꣬Ǵδ龰ɶǴ档
ɶףȴҲ˵ڡʤ飬һʱ㲻Խ֪ҶܲסԲƾܣݺҪ޶ȣλյתʹˣһҹΣŵб㡰ˮͻз纮ԴҶȻŭ´ᣬҲûƹ˵£ǵģٲȻİ·һ㣬Ҳܽɺ⣬˵ȣɵá
֪ҲұƵ̫˽ﵹмһ֮·ȥɾҲһءҶȲԸԼǾͩȲաԶԶ֪ԼߣζҲƽºȻĶ춵𽵹
˼֮䣬ɫѻָ糣Цͼǵۣ뱾˵һ˵

һ̸ѹ磬ⷷϷҶ磬ײİҽ˼ڣ˳ȥŲҶӴȴǿյһˡüͷһ壬йڱʣ֪Ҷǲ쿴ȥˣδء 



6
֪˿̵Ҷ粢ڳڣӣ˳⡣
һɫָأ֦׺ڿտԭҰϣĿ
ս߽紦ܰ˼ҼѰ룬ʣµĶЩ֮ˣǧ֮øʮҾſգϡ䡣
شᣬȱлá¤䣬żɼƬӣֻé飬Ҳ

ȥɣҿûԵĳ
ɺزϣظǰӰ
ǰл˼ңȥǡҶջԶĿ⣬ɺЦķӿУҪҲѧͺˡ
װȸңҲɺģȴƮƮҶ米ᣬְ࣬ΪҶѪ
ɺᣬЩǹ˵ģҶҲ̬һЦлɺ֣̲סʣСѧ᣿֪ף֪Ҳġ
ѧ䣬ܲࡣ㿴һַ⣬˭ûĺˮգϵġɺĿЩԶ֪ʲᣬûûĸģܳͷأһ
ҶһԭǡӲ¶ȥ
ǰҲûʲɻɵġɺЦЦָʣǹ¶ҲᱻүУ̷ү
ȴǸңʿŶ֮ҶҲ֣ƴǰУ鰵Ͷ
ɺҲֱ磬򴽶ЦֱסҶֹһҲҶıϣȻУΣŴģ㾿ϲϲү
·ǻ˽Ҷ翴Զ΢͵ɽ𣬾ǵһҵˡϲϲҪ᣿ˡҲ˵ġ
ϵֱһɺЩƣүϲ㡣
Ҷ紽߸𵭵΢Ц˵Щʲᣬվû˵һ󣬲̾һȴϲ᣿ҲǸˣοءȥ֮һ֣Թžˣܲ飬ĪҪĺá
һʱֻʣƵ̤ʯϣһϣҵõø㯡

֪˶ãҶżһ̧ۣϸƣ̲סɺ
ɺ㿴ǰ̣е㲻ԡ
ɺԭĿ·˷ĸֻ֣зңԹԼҲֲ徿Щʲᣬһʱ㱣δܣҶһ̱عֱǰüͷ΢壺Ǵ̣ˡ
ȥơҶһ֣ǰۡ
ȥգɺǣ䱻ܺᣬѱû̽ǰӣСЩĺá
ǣҲ಻ˡҶһչüЦǴ̽ӶġᣬĪǷڣǾͲȥһ᣿
ҶڽǺЦˬǽŵĶԻȫȴֱͦƮƮޣɺ͸ĽЦڣǧк壡һģͻʹ˻һȻеø١

תһ䣬˿øŨ̹ӻ⣬Ȼһéʧ˻ӰȴѰˮȻиϸߡ
ѻݲ⼸˷ŵģҲӲһҴ֮ҶЦѵͷЩ˾Ȼҳ١ɺȥǣһҾ;Ψʡ
̨ɺЦһ䣬ΰοնһ˴ȥ
Ҳ֪˭ȷֿӰһ׷׶·ӣǰ飬ȥķ򾹸ͬռɺһм᣿һȺ
϶ȥ磬˲׷һᣬҲƣ˽жδеóȥɺͷҲأת׷ȥʱһ˵ء
Ҷ΢Цɺ̽ˮֶǸ١ͼ䣬ߺŵӤһݣѭȥ
ȴǴéֻף飬ѽݶܴ֮У𣬷ǵ·ҲѡɺӰȴѲҶ鼱һҧгȥ
űȴ˳סƵһߣֻһЦ͵ˡһӰףѴ֮УǱӰȴɺ 


7
Խң˵±ɢҶϼͬȴһҲܽǰֻۣںѰİ˵Ӱ
ݺȻһڴʱƬ̮Ҷһͬʱһ̹Ծ飬ѵǰ

»ؿҪСˡ
̻ѬڣҲȼƼȴһ㣬ҲӲһһӤ黨ټҶ绳Ҷæס˶ǽӤɰһЦҪл̸ȴҲ࿴һֻۣ֪̾ձغ飬ֺα춴
תȥ̳ǱӰͣһɺ֮

ҶһӤ׷ЦеǼ֪ݣ䲻ãȴܼʶӢ̨ۣ֪Ϊǣ
Ȼͣסһ٣תʱоˣû˷ŵĮȻӣǣ
ǻԲһڵصĴιٻϸ΢ȴһ˿ɬҶڶ׼˼֣΢΢һЦγ֮ˡԶǿ̨ͣǧιʴҴұȥУһ֮Σ
ȴ𻰣Ҷ磬˼ڶƬͻȻһЦͼ󵤷ѧʿˮ½תʹҶ磿
춶ԷͷݣȼʶƣҶҲˬȻЦ¡λ̨Ŀȴİúܣγƺ
ȻӢˬɹˣѹǶĵͬʱΪ㵹Ƴ籸ӱأ̬УȫȻҴ֮󣬷ζشҶ磬ҵ㶨֪ˣҵݣһ£ܲ³ɣҽձһɱ
Ŷ¹᣿⵹ǲܲһˡҶ紽ߺЦ⣬עӸӡʱֵᣬ㣬Ӱ̳ȵȴƱңҶ翴Цȴǰ̾ణд˾У߹ɵð΢΢ɱ
ȴƵ壬渶ۣ˵˸˧ʮǣȴ֪ؾǸˡȻҪ˵һҲޣȴǲŵģһϽȨ޹֮ˣ㶨޹ǹΡٽΣҳ̽ӲŻ᲻⡣
ͫ΢΢Цݷʢֻǲ£뵽ѵˡ
Ҷ粻ɫӱ龡۵ףȳҮࡢΰΪĵܣǺЩԨԴͬʱգһᣬϸ̽˵ĳȻҲģȴҷһˣһüαߵˡ࿴ӣ΢Цݣ᣿
ϵЦݼЩ̣Ҷ磺㡭֪
ɲ᣿
ҶǳǳЦӰü۽ǣһɲ侹˵ڣ·һжȻģ۹⣬ҲΪ֮һѣȴҶ糤̾һ֣ضΪжԣȴؾǸӢۡӺ꣬Ҳͳ֮꣬ЭʹҮбսҳҵ˷ݡʱҴξ͸⵽㣬ȻҮбʵ̫󣬽ĶڹˣҴ˶衭ŮȴǺõģ׷ΪԺ֮࣬Ƹƽެ䲻ȴ춺⣬˷ҵȷǴɷΪҲͬΪжҶĳڴˡ
˵ȻһҾ費ʱȴҲԽһ֮̾ӱĶ練ơۼһϲȴֲòɱ֮ڣ

֮£˸һ񣬺ЦӣѰĬģɱȴǸʢ֪ԷᱳͶϣ;ϣȰǲˣҪԺҲǲף֪ڣسɱ󻼣Ӣϧȴ˱֮
ˣۼɱԭʤ֮䣬οۼҲӦ˽Ĺ㣬Ȼʱѵã޷ԶعӪһΣ
˵ȥ᣿Ҷ紽嵭һ˿ȻЦݣҲ书½֪ҪҲֻ㡣
ǰһȴԥһ£ǰˣǶֵĸ֣սĴ󽫣ҲаֳɣֻҶ硭գȴɽҲëҲδԲǹ̬ȷаգ壿
뵽ĵתǹĪ֮ͼٿǰ֮һȾ½ǣȻȣһʱƽδйԻ󣬽ҲԾߡ

ּ䣬հӰһȻҶԣտɺоն
ɺҲ͵͸ĸΣԶö˶ԻҲȻƵɽᣬų̻ŸľڵȫעҶϣʶҲδ졣
Ҷɺӣɺ΢΢һףҶ֪⣬˿΢ЦɺλɹӢۣ˴ε
ҿɲʶ˭ɺȻһЦ˫˻ʣڿѩʲӢۣҪ㣬ʹԵ
ĿɨӹɺҶϣͻشЦҶ磬ҵ׻ĵղȷǿճǼƣ᣿֣޿ɿ֮߰գ̾뵽ȴƣװ״ʧ
˾ܲӢžףҲһԥҶ΢ЦĿעݣɼھУȷʵԡҲعˡпգָһ£Ҳˡ
Ϊָ㣬Ƕֹ֮⡣ 



8
ɺδܼݣҪСɲ򣬷£ʤɺĻû
ҪסݣֱԮӦҲʲ¡
Ҷ纬ЦУβ⣬ɺᣬһüָ̡˫ȻչѩƵһţֱŭȥ
ļ΢Ц˫ƷģݲȽƣ⽣ӰһҶ磬ҶȴǳǳЦ̹Ȼעӡ
ֻ⵭ˮһƳⳣݾĪЩŭҶΪλ˵̫ţǲмң漴ЦˡǾͶԲסˡ
Ʒ綸ɺһХХʣ˵ɱ֮ƽԭּ಻ش˿
ɺڹ壬֮ңҶȴؿػѪڣҲ˵ͣǧֻͬʱһٽͣҡҡ׹һѪϢԴȾʪǰ

ɺͬʱɫȴΪһ¡ĿХϢδϢ֮ʱԶȺХ˷Ӧ֪ݵΪǲ١سξ֮ǰɺһֻ֮ԲҰܶ֡

룬ɺһҧͷҲأֻа£ȥ
δָ˭֪ǶҶԡֻȴϹӦ֮Ŀһ˿
Ҷ᲻֪ɺΪ룬ȻΡ˵档ֻÿЦǿá
ֻһ֣Ϣ΢ȴڲأɺһѰ˸ջͷһ۱Ҷҡҡ׹ӣ½绨ѪȾĿġɺһ֪ԭ򣬲գδ뵽һ㡣

ǣңһʽ⻺ϷŹǰ̤һ󿪴أɽһƾʹ˻
ɺۿҪƷɨУƺεۻ룬㲻ֱҪҲ˸̹Ȼ֮Σʱ̣չһƿգǣЮֱʺ
ӰĿɱ֮ȻҲӣȵ΢һءҲٶ֣üһ˫ǰ֮˭жΪʤ᣿

һЦԶݣվߣ˭أɱߣ˭ӵܣ룬죬кʸ뱾Ƿǣ
Զһƣ߳ⲻڶ롣ɺȻϲ⣬ҶҲ֪չü
籩꣬ѸٽӽֱҶǰżһ˻𣬳УҶǰѪɫ΢΢һ䣺ˣ
һ죬Ҷǰϣݶ˵һְסҶ米ģԴԴر㴫˹ȥҶֻȫůתؿڵʹҲùࡣ

ûˡлҶ͵͵һ䡣
áҶ΢΢ޱ飬˫ȴӵסţδӪȥ򴦷ְɡ
ԼƣȴҪ˵Ҷ类Ƚڶǰöٵתƽ֪ΪΣͻȻ˶Լпأԭα
ȻƮ㣬ջƻһ޿ҶԭǶƸ֮ˣܴʹǿѹͷ޴ߣ˿ˣ־һ˽ӵڻ̲סҹɽУҲ𼸷鳤·̵Ȼ
еؾ˲ٷ⣬ͷȥҶ˫룬ɫ԰ѩƽһ徢ãȻȫͣ߿Цǳ޼侹Ҳһ⴫ʵΪƽȻʹȥȴǿǰ¶ʧ̬ȫ͵ЩӲˡ

Ҷȴû£һ̧ͷ˵ӭЦЦ񣬴ȻصҶһȣ˼ȻѿֱȻʲûɱңԲס֣¸ԭˡ

һ£㻹֪΢ЦҶ˵ȴӥס򲻶ɫӣƽľ߻̫һʱϲѷΪ꿤
Ŷǳªˡ½ϢҶ絹治֪Ҳ벻ݴ˿Ǻ⣬Ӧ
ݺۿ䣬ֶйķ緶ݣү̣Ϊգ
Ҷ粻Ȼǰ棬ԭһһսȻ˿Ұй֮ͬݣȻýʲأⷬ⼷Ҷˡ
ɼ䣬缱꣬ƶҶһۣ˿ڵ״ӭչѹѹһ糱ΪɱȻǶӵˡԭ죬յϢļӱޣھᣬһȸˡ
ѵأΧɸСȦ룬ȴ



9
䣬˲ת䣬ݳֱξΧסӣһĿȻ
Ҳţ񷴶΢Цأش
˷ȣȻΨˣɫĿעݣ֪˭Ҳ֪ƽֶϣαٶһ٣ҪҵС
֮СһЦǶҲ֪ռϷ磬زҵġ
ȻֲǷˣҪĹؽʱ̰ʲɫݣȫȴɣͣͣһЦ˵棬Ҳʱ䣬ȣݣɡ
һ٣ˢˢʣɺ֣Ѹֻ볡һ֮
һһ仰Ҫ˵ɱ˪ҲվܲģȻͷһ뵽˹Цֻһ䡣
ЦתҶ磬ȻһҾȥҶ类һδ˵ֱ󳤷¼ң䲻ţ겻и
һ仰ǻԲַˮͰڳ˸ȴûɲǼԭҰֻʣɽŵϢ
ҶϺһһȻ֪ݿԼĹϵԣڶξƣһʱ߲ܣίһ޵ֱȥ飬Գˡ
ˮݣĿڿнᣬãҪһ㡣

ɺԣͦɹͷԲҪ輰ҼҴ᣿ͷҶϴ
ҲŭƵҴ¶飬ĳҲд£֮ǰһЩţ׼֪Ǽ棬ʶðش飬кβ᣿ĳ̹˵һһοҺθɣסҶ磬ɫֿ磬ҾĽ绪ں˶ίȫʵࡣһشɰգҸҵţ
ҶôˣǺεˣһɨȥ֪ݴԳģαһᣬԭããߣˣǵйһƽĶ֡

סڡҲȥֹݸ˦ȥ磬Цݣ㻨˵࣬ΪҪ㵥᣿ҲգķԼС
ͷ˭ʤҶһۣ磬֤աҪ֪¼䲢ֻжһӢֵۣ롣
˶ǹϵӣȾ֣ٲԥӰ𣬸ɴԱһξǶĸ˵ģ䶼ЩҲԭذ˸˽š

ҶԭԻоµӤݷѨ˯㣬ӸʱӹҲ˶ע⣬ʱѨԽ⣬ͻȻ۵һȫȻУ̶
Ӥγ־飬æҵĺ壬ҶȻһղХңӤȴû£ʵ࣬Ƶúܺðѵǡɱң

ڼս֮УҶһۣҶɫȻ֪ǽַϣзڣֲǺζɱȴǸŨм磬ֱԷ²źá
ȴҲЩ۹Ʈ֪Щʲᣬ˸ĲɣҲû˭ܳ룬Ӯ֡

ֹʮУüһ϶ϲɫһֱעɺˣԼͬһݣãȻ֮䣬ԶԶصķ򣬼ŴХն߸к̻⣬˻ҡ
Īɾǣ
µʿĪ˰ɣ⾰ĸʱ̣ɱһƬʮɾӿǲɷ˵ξбɱ
ξδңҿս˵ģһӭȥݺᣬ˵ļңҲȥ˵
Ҷı˼м˼⣬ͻȻһתȥҲĿԣһЦԶԶر˱ȭ磬ҵĻڣ˵꣬Ĵӵ£ξδΧжȥһ·Ʋɵ
 

10
ɫãҰĺϣҹĻ
ξӪݶԴڣǽ߲ǱףŰ֤ҲཡӪʱϵҲҪ෿һΪ
нζδˣ̺ڻÿ˵ıǶˣȴûһ⡣
ΰİӰ𲻶п飬ֻһ˫Խ򣬾

˳л죺ᣬӪȫչˣ
ҲһվЩ飺Ҳȫչ⡭ղ㣬вһǧʯ
һǧʯһָߵߵ棬ϸ΢ϣһһǧˣһ֧׶ʮʯش֮Զ޽ר˾ݿֻʣһǧʯǺ⣬ܲ᣿
޽ɫѿ֮ҷֱ桭ܸһᣬ
ţ
ӪֻЩɢڣп֧ա·⼸ҲҪˣһǰȥү׼
һӲȥҲɡ˼۹Ⲣڽݺε㲻ٸһ֧ǽٶ˵ģ潻棬мʤ㣿̧ͷȻƬ̣ȥ
һжһԹ˧᲻Ӫ˵Ȼбˮһսɾһ֮⡣ίʵ̫ش˸԰ȣףȴ᲻õķӣһʱһӦ

ҶҲڻ֮УֻԶ΢һ˼⣬ǷǷүΪʿڣáŵùңȥա
һ챼ҶҲƣ벻ƽǿѣĵ̾ȴޱ飬ҡҡͷղˣıã浽˵ǹؽڣԹ˲ϾʱԱˡ
Ͻǡ
ҶвĵҲδظɱгɾ͹ҵģٱ磬ȴֹס˼ǿӲ鲻ᡣشӪعض֮أ֡
ʱҲع׷ӧȴһŶ˻ȥö޻أỹǽĿⶼһͶҶ磬֪ı⣬ɱǰλˡ
ȴƲǾһۣ˾䣺ȸԻȥӣȰա߳
Ҷ̲ס׷⣺ү
ҶȻͣסһ٣תҶ磬ҹɫзˣ磬Ҫ˵ģѵһ֪᣿ֻǡͣƬ̣ȴ˵ȥһ̾סҶ磬ͷ˧ӡӪͽˡҸ࣬Щܻ˵ա
ֽ˽漴ſһעҶһۣͷȻȥ
һҴҲҶ磬β˧ȥҶڵȫ޾죬ѵȫǰһģѽͬ飬Źɣ֮˰ΪΡѵĲٽ᣿

ҹɫ庮Ҷǰ˼֮㯣֪˶ãͻȻعȻһЦͷЩңȨ˺ɽ¡
һĶϼɺԵΪҶ½󣬿ҲˡҶȴȫû뵽ͷһЦ߰գǻӪȥкܶҪ
ɺ˴漴ع׷ȥ𶯲ѡҶòԭֻ嵭ɺԼǿ޳ּʶ㣬佥ݷҶ֮ţȴδжÿȻղҶһۣһЦǣէչЦо˵ĶˣɺҲ̲ס˲Ϊ֮ᡣ
Ӣ۾Ϊԭ۹⡭


δ֣ӪһͨıϽΣչΪ֡
ףأһݺȥ죬շϢ
̫ʼ

ҶãԶȥΣһ
 


11
Զա
һգҶǰֱϮɾɾɶս֮ʼǹ٣ֻγǱΧģͻϮҲ㳢˴ֲ׵ζ˱ͻһƬо֪ϢԮʱξȴֺ˶ȥˡ
ڶգɾ£β׷ţиڱصȫӻ֮⣬ȴδУðҶµĵڶ˸Ǳ
ȻξվɢԱͲס־ãҶ֪֪ˣԲѡҰɾӭ潻֣ձʶȫ߻سɾ仨ˮ⣬˶˻سڡ
ɾ׷һĳǳذΧˮйͨ

ҶԭΪ˽ɾڲѹȻڶࡣȻ˿¥µǣңɾǧҹɫҲƬ̵Ŀѣ

ȥաˣСܺ
ɺĬĬ˰գҶӰҪʯˣ춳Ȱ
Ҷ粻ÿɷ񣬰βƵһ䣺үղܸϻأܺܺΪҪ᣿
ɺͷϸ㣬лҲֻʣһ죬ɸΪ֮ʱټľӣѵܿʯͷɣ
үǳˣƽһԵ˾仰ľġ
ԸˡҶ絭һЦûеѲǰɾеʵԼļҲݴ˿̣ʾɱգɺɾΧǣ̽Ӷ޷룬ϢѴ
Ҳ֪˶ãҶ糤̾һԻӪߡ

˯ûãһɱǵأԶԶش˽Ҷѣ³ݣͬһ𣬵ϳ¥
ԶѻֻϣɢҲɱһ֪ս
ʱξ߻˭ǶѽˣȻصɾҶҲһ򣬰ࡣ
ҶˣҴ֧ɱȥӻүسǰաһǶºԬߡ
ĬƬ̡
ءҶޱ飬³֡
ԬߵҶ䵭ŭҶ磬ʲ˼Ҽүգ᣿Ҽүǰ㰮㣬ǰ㣡Ԭ߿ɲ£㲻ȥԼȥ
תͷߣ㶼Ĭм˽Ų΢ˣҲҪβԬ߶ȥ
վסҶȴʯᶨԬһ£»һͣҶ徢㳲£ͽ̳Ŀ޾ͣΪ֮᣿
ҡ
֪˵Ⱥҹ治ʶƾʲᣬܶ϶Ƕɾ֮αƣ
ᡭԬԵ˼֡
һǶأ֮Զͣǧɱȥٽӻسǣ
Ԭ߱ʵƿԣȴԲҪҿүƴɱȣ첻
ҿ˵ȣҶɨһۣǣתȥʮ
µЩ˼ģ£ڽһۣãȻҾǫͣԵã̲סʵҶˣкã
ξ˲šҶа̾үڴˣһ⻰㵱⣬ѯȴһºͣҹ֮ƣҪɾнӶǣǰ첻ˣҼǵϽһСɽԶѹүתפɽɹ˿أ뱾ǻΪ֮ƣã
Ҷ渵ڽϸҲ׹дЩĸ³ֵ;ϲɶ˷֮ɫҶ۹һʱ
һ̣ʮڳͷ
ҪûҶཻĩ˵Ƕ֮زʧȥɡ

ʮֶһӪģ˴˶ӣһͷһٲԲ£ȼյļʸವػƺҹա֮ᣬһҲβȥļ
ʮ֧״ββͷڿһâ磬ֱָϷȥ

ҶֻпճһƣȻԼ⡣
᲻ԥ?Ż?֪,ɾԽԽܼ⴦Χ,޵ɵʱ?

Ҳ֪˶ãϢȴУƼϷƶǶҶ֮˰գ
һ.
ǿ,ϽϿմܳɫԽԽߣữƬĻʵش
ǶѰȫźš¥϶ʱһƬ
УҶɿ֣ŷ΢΢ʹǷŽ,ָ״ƳѪˡ

ⲻ֪΢֡ƽȾһɫ
ϲеҶЦһ£ڶˡδأξ޷̴ѵҪȳ᣿ϴسǿ 



12
峿΢ֱ֣ůһ֡
ȹݺǰͨӪƽڣҶִ˧ӡᣬǣҶˣӪѲӡ
ֵʱ֣ξÿǮзأҲĿŵؿ˿ۣ䲻ӣܱݵģҶӪ£û˭ԷԹԡȻѲӪ֮ʿȺһ˽ҶͷʱּæֿˣһȦ㣬Ҷ翴ɻȴڽᣬѯ

صԼӪɺڵ׷ȣǰȺˣҶ£ԼӲ˫֣¶룬ЦҲһգ֪㶨ûԡ
ɺЦЦҲƴǣ󷽷ȡ˸꣬Բ¡ЩӶǶӣһͶԸԸżҲҶţʵҶˣԷʱʳһԷܴͷףΪȤȻɺȴʱܾþ㲻˵˵΢ЦĵľֹҲ泩崺һ㡣
ʲأҶвˣ̧ۼɺضԼƣ΢֣£
ŶûСɺعȴǰҹǾһƳĺЦմ˿أҰŪߡ
˵䣬һ§סҶĲϱһǣЦطſɺ书ǿһҶ練ӦʱǱȥ
ɺҶžգ§ĦഥһΣûˣҶҲΪ⣬һɹ۸ˣǺúΪ
ұͲʲúɺЦ꣬ã֪ȴˡ
Ҷ΢΢һЦҲĻɫҼӪЩԡͷȥҸʿӪʣΣ
ǷԸˣɺЦݣȥ꣬ת˷š
Ҷ翴ɺһδԵķֻпЦԼ

ŲƬ̹⾰ͻȻƿҶ̧ͷɺҴҴ˽ỹһЩʿ϶м֮ɫ
ǲųžϵģȻɺ
ʲˣҶһƽЦҵģΪβȻǵĹٳ
ʿиͳЩվ˳ЩĵĹٳ˽ǵǮǲðǰҶġ
˽ǮҶü΢΢𣬡˭ЩΪ֤
Щ֤ݡ
ʿһŻҺҶϸʱҲֱ治ǷɰʯֲƤʣһֲס
Ҷɫ࣬ΪĶԼԼ׵׷Ҳûнʳ֮һӣɺ޽
޽Ƕר˾ݵηַģҶ⻰Ҫ׷ˣɺȻһӦѸȥˣһݾʿ㲻ҿڣҶⲽ˼ƵϢ

ʲ᣿ҶָϻҺһţʳĸ֡
޽ϲܵϸȴţһ񣺡ҶˡӪʣʳ
ҲʳҶЦ
ǡ޽˶٣˼ǵ˵ỹ̾󷲾ݣᴿģʮ֮˾ñˡҶ˲ң˾ھʦδ֪Ĺ㻧ǩγʱʳǺõģ·ǧء֪жֽŵĻء
ڲҶ絭Ļ
޽Ц֪ҪʲᡣƽʱҪӵģȻʱȫȱʣµƫƫһ
㲻ýõĶСҶȫַȥգ󷹲Ҳá
޽ҲҶ˵ͷӦȥˡҶȴΪңɺ߶δ졣

ɺǼʿҪˣ᣿
ǡҶü֧գ˭֪񳿱ҪˣĪ᣿
ٹնϣкβͬɺΪ⡣
ͬءҶ糤̾һȥ磬ǲģؽӣȻڷԲǧﲢ֣ǵĲ֮ǴϮͶ̣ٳŸգ˱𽥳ϧǳŲˡ
ͣͣƵѶֻһսүȥȻսΧԶǣ̫ʮоǰܶ˵ġ
ɺγҶ˵ĻȻݣڣҲ᣿ȿôӣΪʤ
Ҳ񡣡Ҷ΢΢Цһ˿ʤֻʤ֪֪ˣŻ˸֡ԴΪ͵컻֮עǳܾ֣Ҳڡ
ɺһξܲܣ˶٣û̫ϣģȫҶ簲ȫΧ
÷ˡҲᶪǡɺ߰աҶҲ֪ɺЩʲᣬһضϡԴºͣȴǼᶨɺв

Ȱ˵ȴһ֮ԽԽߣǣоʿ˵ɾ˳Ӫ
¿ҶҲ첻ˡݳľ֮Ӫسпܣȴݣ޿
ԲǧһƬݸפ·̣ǵ˶Ŀܻᣬı

ϳ¥ԶԶʵ£ȻӪгһڼɱֶǼѣɾ࣬ȻסǵǼٵγ³
Ҷһһ˿ң΢΢ذһ£ЩĪĲکѵ
Ŀӣʧ
ɳУǧӰǸңӢ˲ĺżһңң
ǡơã
桢ǡơã



13
ͬһʱ̣Ҷ磬Ҳһϳá
˵ĵɽǴʣ׷׷꣬˴˶ǲεУλ᲻ʶ
ֻΪλڴʱ˵س֣ӣʩԮֵģ͸ˡƽڽоɣΨм֪ЩµģԻ̲סп֮һ޻ԡ
ɱ䣬ת˳֮£Ҷ紫룬Ӫڽ׷˵ģֻҲ顣
ʱɾֳ˻ǣһ룬κسξѵأõֿ죬վδܵóѣݺݴ˳ȥն¶ʬ塣

ּˡȱ˵Ҫݼ֡а̾ȴ΢Цס֣Ҷӭǰ
֪ҶƤԼҲʧ̬һ֣ҶˣĳǧϢ֮ɷһ˵
Ҷ΢΢ףֹ˸棬벻ԶӪʡΧٵĿ⣬Ծ򾲸˽ȥ
ȻյڵֻʣˣĿʱûһܳ
ڣӰ΢΢ҡƣӳЩ㱵չۼǰ£֣һɲ糱ˮӿȴɲǵǼɢȥ
ֻһ⾰Թתһ
Ƶ塣

ýѹסͷǧٰζ΢΢һЦ磬㻹ᡣ
áҶȻЦǣ
Ȼǡ㡣̣仰˵
һЦ˵գ㾫񵹺ãҵȴҪɢˡ
ҶԲ£ͻȻһ㡭һ·ģûл
ˡִϱӣ˵裬ҲһˣЦ˵ɻ֮еġ֪طֽţ·ɱߵݰлһ룬úõĹ׶˲ݿù棬ǴҪˡ
ҶֻûԭֻΪ;̰ٺģԴλʹĵƣ벻ȴĻ⣬Ϊ֮ξʱֻһƣһ飬õ˴Ϣɫ

һ˼ѲѲ³ǺʹȻ˿̲֤ʱ
ΪԷƴ޷Ҵֵ˱Բ㣬ҪԮ᣿Ҷ羲á
ǡòϡ

ĿĿڿнӡҶ΢΢һȱ˿ȥ
˵ʲأУǱ˴˶ĻȥĶ֣ΪԼ
ǧͣҹϮҲΣⷬٶѰˡ
ǡΪҪڡ
Ҷǿסеʹл⡣ֻоսʮҲﲻʲæǳɾδȣȥա
гЦˣδݿǰʲģȻˣҲлزپɲǱˣֻһг̶ѡ
ҪˡҶ΢̾һҲʱµĶԾִһ飬֧Ÿգɾȥʱ׷ֻҲδмܹ
ϸ˴һͻ΢Цݣ㡭ܲܡʹңҺ
˵ᣬԽͣƻһ˿֮⡣
Ҷ紹ͷò̧ҲشֻһЦƸΧɡ



14
ѣ΢΢׵ڴϡ
͵ҶĲ棬Ƕֻˣһ񾲣Цˡߣȴ޷
޿ɾҩʹһʹҲ̲סһ˿Цݣ磬ӡȴңҽ
΢һҶϲŭҪвң
˺ģüҡΣҶҪ㡣
ҶĿƬ̣ͻȻ΢΢һЦð°߰ա
㡭شϣҲһ㵡
ҵȻҶЦʣΪ£ֻ˵ȴᵱ޶ȴ׻ǺˣȻˣῴɾξȫ𡭡ȻҲὫҴߡ
᣿ֻʣ˿Ц磬Ȼ֪֮ˡֻǴʱ֪ȴǺԼЦã㰡㲻ҵóһ᣿
Ҷֻ΢Ц޼ҳ𡭡֣վҪڼҳǰģҲǰС
չ￴ҶЦȻ۲ˮ֣üЩˣĵ׷õһ仰ѿڶ磬ˡҺòã㲻֪Щӣжʹ
᣿ǰӵȷʵʹҶ粻ǿҲֻ֪ҪԼ֣ɽ֮ȥֻǣǾ仰֪ΪΣԼȴƫ˵ЦҶԶ࣬ȥ׼ˮ졭
磡
һסҶмŭмΡ
ҶЦݽؿãΣһణΪҪҡңҺܻϲֻǡֻҡ
ܡüǴӳݼųһһ٣㵽ڣ֪ҵ⣿
ҶѿƣЩͷգˣҪ
֪ˡĵһ̾绹ԶŲΣһЦ㲻͵һ᣿ұϷǱ

ȻϷȻҳݵĹ̵Ϸ˶Ŀѡ
ȲεҲ㽫ֻǴ˼Ȼӽϴ˼䣬ԽԽƧͣһǰ
Ҷһ˸ᣬ˶ԫбڿ˥ݵһɾ󣬲ɻ󣺡ǣ
ϸһ£ͣһ¶ǽߣЦָ˼꣬벻Ҳʯˡ⴦ڰա
Ҷ˻֣һǰԵ֮ҶҲֻϢ
һ֪˭еĵһ£˲ԸΧ˹ȥΧȻһ߼壬ʿ̧ؾһСĵضսȥﵹһ붼װ֮
ҶʰУһֻЩ£ʳȴ޴󰭣ɴϲæԸڱʿȥϣֿãЦҾͲˣΪ֪֪֣
ȴҲѧһҪҪˣЩСڣ̸

Ҷ֪ûԼȴʵںʳӺζҪְ֪ڻɱߵݣһһĽټһƤ¶ԽǲԽֻ֪Ц˵Ҳ޷
һüæע⣬ֽҶ§Цȥ·ϣ˵ɺã
Ҷ粻ɺѱԼɳ̽ϢСӼǰĻβȻŭ㱼䣬ѱ˫ӵůϢȴϤ˵ġ
ö˵˰գվġҶпɬȻ˵᣿
õĴصݵߣסƣ㲻ˡҲãףԽ⣬Խǲҡңҿĵý
ˡ
Ҷ簵̾һ͵͵м£һø㡣
ţ
ǣصġ 


15
ﲻ֪ƧȥƬƬԫڣɾŰۣ֮˼
ӵҶ˫۽һΪ
ǡ
ǣ
κҪҶ΢˱ۣѹסпɬ㲻ǲ֪˵᣿
ҲͻȻסҶ磬ľѣƣԹˡҰ첻첻ٲЩʲǹǷˣҲĹ㲻Ҵ㣬ұ㲻һȡһ꣬ʮֱ꣬ȵҴߡߡȪա
Ҫ˵ʱйǵĻҶٻҲסݣö˶˵˵ʲѲ㣬磬ͣΪ̾Ҳһ

һ뽭ѡ쳾ܵ¾𣬶ٲԹѽ⣬ٴӢҲӲε
ʹһһҲ޷ѣתҶӣų˼ĺӣ׼˱ݺݵȥҪʹ˻һ㡣
ҶҲ˫ȡ󣬼ɬĻӦһǵø˴ཻ࣬ѣзȴһ˿˿֪ٵᣬѼٵá

֪˶ã˵ϢЩ٣òŷſҶȻ̺˫Ƶ㣬һʹ
Ҷ绺ҡҡͷûСοҲҼˡͻһ㯡
Ҫؾʦ˻
ǡɻ֮һ£Ҷ粻Ըȥ룬ȴҲȴҩ£ϻسʱ䣬ʵǼˡ
ϷߣӵסҶ磬ΪǸͬһԵӻȥҶȴǿһ۾ˣ񡭡ҲѶ顣
ܻзӵġҶ΢΢һЦ̸£˵˵ݰգģҲȼ֪֮ǽջᱻ˳ǡ
֪һֿ֣Ѱ·УЦʵ˵Ȥ֣֪İա
Уξ̫Ҷ붼ѿڶȴǲ֮кιϵ
ʱ飬Ľ緶ȻǿߣԶմԡٳЩѧɣʱһмһ·׷˵ء
Ҷһ˼⣬üɳȶɻԶġŪ˰գ
û˵ǳȴ֪سɴ˵عġЦ¶ıÿһϸ쵱ɽˮǷټ֮춱ʡҷЩĲи壬д˵صļ
֪и⣬뷨ݽȥ
⣬û񲻿ϧݸһЦ֮Ͷѡ

˵ɣҶȴ֪ࡣο˼ܣӲνٶڴ˷ݣȻΪ׼˿ȴΪóһĬȻе⣬ʵúܡ
ֻϧڡ
磬ʲңĿ㱵ˣʡ
Ҷһ֪鲻¶˼֣æЦȻеġҲ̽飬ǿɲɡ
ҶǵˡȴֻһЦȲæ˵ǰľ֣ǵҪټ顣

һƲ˭Ҳ벻нͬһƽദΡ
ƶԷζ˳ۣ޲ʱȥԵȭŲźáϷиҶѹȴ˭ҲΡ
 


16 
һ㿪ʱûһΣͷòϸ꣬һҲôڽн䱸ӿ֮ʡ 
ҶҲͷʹȻľԹ֪Ѫ˽ȥ˵⡣Ψһ֮£δѪѡ 
 
սáԿҶ²࣬۹ƽɨȫתȴǲɴϵǿսزЯݣǼޣǲ£ֻгˣҲþˣ׷֮ 
뷨ҶԭǲıϣҲףʤߵĴ򷨣ڽɳ˵ģ᲻֪ 
ȴЦ 
һԬãԼĵ⣺سǸǽȻԵ֣֮ᶨȫүֵƣ㻹ҪҼүųս뺦᣿ 
⻰һӪʮоŸͷϽҲ⡣ 
ү׾ҲִӡˡһɹԶ޺øУֶα£ȴҲҪһõġ 
ԬҲãֱһ񣺡Ҷ׼ǰȥȡ⣬򲻿ġ 
 
ֻ²סͽȻ뻢ڡ 
Ҷ΢һԭһ磬ȻĴٵԬ߶Уⲻ˱ЩͷҶ磬ߵã춻ǽڵĻ£һԲ˻ԭλĵ㡣 
ҲѹҶа̾ԭж˵ľ˲֪ǰЩ˶ٶ֪ģ֮Զ䵭ɫԬ߱ƫ̻ãⲻȶˡ 
ȥչУޱ飬м룬ж⣬ȴٲ֪ 
 
 
ԻȡһҶγˮڽɫصү֮˴ˣҲλ᣿ 
ٵĿһ붢˹ȥʱƻ裬߿ʼȴסЩ˵ۡҶ޳Уһ̣׭ĹӣǶ֮ 
ҶУټͬһĻ˻ʲ᲻׵ģ¶ϲɫӣǿ̹˼֮õģҲ̫ȣΨһĵΪ̾ϧѡ 
΢ĿתϡȴɫüҲһ˿ߡ 
 
ˣ޶ˣϸⶨ֮ᣬǳ䶨ˡ 

һϼ⣬ĺɫѽ 
ڽӪӣ˷ų̻֪ͨϢҶֶԶͼ˼ãֱŻת 
һ̤ݣ˽ֱһײ뻳ŭ⣺ΪҪ˵ 
㲻֪᣿ 
ҶͷҲ̧ˣѰٻʯˡһϴƹλɫԥ֮ͣɲá 
Ȼ֪ΪȣҪģǡöһ٣Ƶ壿 
ҶŶһ޵ƻ嵹Ϻܾˡƽǿʱġ 
㡭ÿҶ絭ȻüʲỰҭ˺β΢΢Ц磬νΪȣԵ±Թ᣿ 
ǡҶ磬㷽ԣȶѡ 
ֻ᣿ĬȻݣеֶηˣɻ˵ 
ȻȴҲԸȥ̽һЦת⣺ 
ʲ͹˼ţˣû䣬ðա 
šҶ˳ӦˣȥͣҲһ߳ճΪ⡣ȴȻֻŭҪ֪̣Ƕ 
ƽԶĳȣɶ֪ 
 
գݹȻɾתƣȻǿɽͷӪԤƻҪϼ֡ 
ɾźףһݣϫһȥ⺷Եƣͷսڽľ̵վ֮ñϵһʱ֧֣ɾ˱ģҪַܷĵ֮ڣίʵ˵ 
Ҷҧҧĵݲ㿴ξ⣬֮ءΣռ龹Ȼˣ˵Ҳֻƴξʿǰȥȡ 
ֻ֪мգҪȥָ˭ȥҶһЩԥ֮ʣһ˵ڣװȥա 



17
ȴһΥֲõơ
Ҷһתͷӣ΢͸ϼþĺڵͬʱ˹
Ŀӣһ˲תб˴֪
ҶϣǸӶ˲͵ĵ˫ᶨֻнߣܿһӶ
ãֺοࡣ
Ҷ紽߸𵭵һ΢Цȴº־Ȼҡҡͷ֣ǧԮҲ˵ʲлĻˣ£޹أǵΪֹաһۣһЦ˵ȥҪЦӪ᣿οҿϣҲϵġ
׷꣬Բ˵ҲЩӣҶ⻰û˵ǡ˵Ҫսжм갴಻סڶԾԾԣҶ۹裬Ҫǰӧˡ

ֻǵͷЦ֪˵Ҳֻǳ磬ˣҲξơҪ£˭
Ҷһûϵûã㡭
ߡþضҶĻʱڽǣִϣҶһ̾磬ţҪж᣿
ᣬɳĮĮʮſ䰴סȺ

ٲȻСڳľʿ֪룬ֱֱҶȥҶɫĬΣ춻³¥ؾнӹԿףȴ㿪ֻסá
Ҫȥ
ǡ
Ҷ˱Ŀת˨ˣ롣
һƥƥŶӹһƥҶͣͣһ̾վʲҲû˵

꽥нԶҶȻƳǷɣһٿ塣
Ҷˣ֪ʱϽѵߣỽһ
۽λҶɫƽռֻǰˣ벿Բǰ벿͸λġ
˽ѵأҹ˵ģսڼң΢΢һȥȱᡣ

⽥ӳòԲĳǽҲ·Ҷڳ¥ߴξӶԶǶԼɱ˵Ӱȴɽ·ˡ
ðãȶֻΪһ䣬Ҳ᣿ʵΪҶȥ
վȨָÿжʱ룬Ϊδʱȴϲڶ˵򵥵֣ôʹѣ
˼䣬ҶͻȻһݣĿ֮ξϢΧЩǩ
ݵķ

øݣһñȻסӲɫ
ɾȻƽξͷӭҶӸǰӳ߱仢ν죬ȴβжѼ̣ɽǲ࣬·ϡɼȴΪɾоᡭƼתֱ£ΣֻڵϦ
Ҷ΢΢Ц
ݣᰵɳ²֣ѵұ㲻Χκԣ

ǣҵӪλա
ҶҴҲʯף߱ߵɺ̽δأǸģһ̽ҶҪǣ
ҡҶͷҲ̧һͷû΢ŭȥ
ǣǡһȥǣȴǲ⣬Ҷ˲գ

ֹξ˭ȻӪָʹȰȴҶһֹʲڸߴ쿴̻ϢУ֪ڣȥ֪λҪ˵ա
óϷȥȴ֪Ҷһ⣬ȴǴɾˡ

ٶȴ󿪡ȴҶ۶
Ҫ,. 


18
̽ӽʻرʱ۶ǰĵͼֽĹ΢΢ƣһɽһˮȴ
ξϮлҶ磿΢㵵̧ͷšŨڵüë̽ӣˣ
ԼһӪ
ĬƬ̣ͻȻЦһӪ˾͸ҵʣСˣҶ
ǣһԥǴ˿ʿ飬Ӫδؽӵסǲھ˾ţ·Ԯ
ءЦݣǲ̽ӣҶ˿ϮΪľҪձѵ׼ҴӪķλϧˡɫһȥҳܳŶǶãն
ǡﲻҶԣҴ˳ȥ

ΧκԱתýжͻҶȻ䣬ֻȴδ̫С˱˧ľ˼ϸ޵ĪЦݣȴʱĹ
ﴫӪ˧һģ̽
Ŷˣ
ǡʿǶߴֻξһӦС
ܺáݵ˵ͷһۿɫʧЦ˵ģξԶ۱ƣ˵ݴͣռ˱ˣοҪĲǳŵӮ㺦ˣ
һæֱ¸潫ûкµġղֻǵĽİȫ
áݵȻһЦҺҶ粻աĻȴû˵
ҶξԶԶʱȴû̽սһᣬξֹסŲʵ˿
ӾʿһҶƽλ֪ǸѾãս꣬ǲеġ̣Ҳλռܻȥˣʵδ֪
ʱѹ磬ԽԽ󣬻ɳĮĮӹϿգɫס˼֡
ξһƬţĿͶҶ磬ɳֻԣǲˣûбĻ˵ֻһҶ粻ʿ֮ҶҪǾ˭һϢд棬ԷսΣҶĳڴͬλף빲΢ֹ̧ס˵ĲҶŻܶһ֣Ǳ߼ǵֵܾͶһλɡ
۹ٴɨӹξǹֱͦ䲻ϾǼ֮ɫҶ΢һףż

ж֮ǰͼ˵ġµĹǱһľҲʱʮִľʿվǰУͷȴѰǰ񣬶Ƕţ͵Ϊ֮һƣʮ֦һȼɾӪȥ
һŻʮǰԽѸϣѴϼͬǰ˲ƽֱ߰ӪȥʱȼʱһһӪʣľзƣһʱŨŨľɾֲĴҴܣŭ
ɾûƶҲ㳢ζξо⣬ĬĬ룬ȴԼͬս˵ǹɾһҷɡ

ԭȼƻ̻
Ҷϣʱѵʱ紵Щ̻Ѭͷδֻ΢ۣԽסӪ
̻ƣɫʸвͬҹвͬԼ̣ϢΪѸݷ㣬ǳÿӱرġϢ֮ˮȡ̻ʱʱһһѸϢС

֮ǰҲθһоӥеϢ֮Ǽģ᲻֪ʱעɫʣɰһȻ˵з֮⣬жҶǾ壬Щ޵ģһĽ֮飬ȴǸӷŲˡ

̻ʾľȻֻ仰Ԯ϶֮
ϢȻǴǷģȻʿƼ֮ʣɾ֪ܲս֮ʣ˭ܷϢǼ٣οӪ߻̳ܺ𣬱ٽɽҲɣȻսױȴⲻ˵ģɱڻ¡

ݺһȴҲ޿κΣš֮ֶӻӪţŹϮӪ֮
ȴҶ磬ȻԸֻȺϣ㵹ߡ
뵽Ǹ徢ƽ͵ӼΪƵǰʱȻʶߣҲ΢΢Ѫ,Խ 


19
һˮ汻ҿɾӪĺŽֿ·Ϊ֮𡣶һ٣һ
ҶһҪĽݺ˧ٻԮ
ҲΣյĿʼ
ˡҶĿעӪ̹ɳпɫֻһһٵȫǡ
ҲҶĻ⡣ɾ·ԮѷΧ룬Ǹȫ֮֡ΨȫǣشԮһ

ӪǱߵĻѽȥǱϨˡȻһӦկȴȫյ߰˰ˣü΢ԸᣬһǰѸٵȥ
ͬʱҲǲһԺֱ֮Ӫţξǰ
˼ۺ죬Σ޿ǻӵ㿳ɳĮĮսԣʱѪȾ˴ء

ҶͻȻһתͷɾΪûػس
ӦҲδ㹻ϸɾһƣֺԮ
֮䣬ȻһУ̧ͷһһ¡ɾӪ۶ӻ۴죬ƼǺȻ

ԭ˵ڴˡҶ૶ɫƲǾŭСˣһǿ˺ȱڡֵܷȫʱˡ
δ䣬ɾȻ΢б˷ҲȥʱξӣѪɫɲʡ
ɱҽ˷춶ѪУŻҶĿһУзʮƽ
ۼξȷʵͣȻյֲ֮ǿԵʱ߱㱻˺һСڣҶ簵һ̾еᷭһ̽С
Ҳȥգջҡ
Ǵˡ΢΢ɡ
ֻҵδѧ䣬ֻڴϹۡҶ翮Ȼһ̾ȥգҲ֪ģܾѶˡٱ߲սɳѵϥͶ᣿
ǡҲѪԺӣԲԥһ񣬡лҶָ̣ȥˡ
áҶӦĿһͬʱ΢΢һЦ

ĿͲ۳Ҷ֮ѻض׼ѣֹǣδѼһɭɭ⡣
սڻδһ˹Ѷ֣Ҫ׽ˡȻδرȻпΪвΪ
ãĳӰ֮£Ҳ㲻ûҡҶ絭ȻһЦֻһʱҪô˽ǰ֮ŵ
ΣҶǣ빲

粻Ҫ
һһӰȺѸƣɵҶᣬ漴סҶ˫
̫ϤЦϷֲ֪ڶֹ߳ٱ飬ҶҲ룬̾ϢһɺڴʱſҰա
ɺϷɾʿģһֱɾ̽ϢԽ˫յøִǲǣڣҲ£һὫȥ
֣Ҷδɺɫȴŭȵóңȵó᣿˵Ҫͬ춲֮أԶ̧ͷ᣿
ҲܣɺͬǿӲض˻ȥҲŲʲ岻壬ֻ֪ˣˣԶҲ븴ҲͲ
㡭
ɺᣬҶʲỰҲ˵ֻֻһ֣Ըáɺܿ⣬رǯƵʯ㣬á

ֲ£һ֧ͻȻϢбֱҶͷҶȻעⲻѣɺȴǶĿѷ֣˫ֶҶϣʵ޷ſֻ΢࣬Ҷǰͬʱ˫һֻ֪Щ˼ 
ƥﻹ֪ǰС˼Ȼ죬춲ɺļϡ
ɺ 
ֵҶ羪һֱסɺһַסļͷӡ 
Сˣģû¾ͺáɺЦֻЦȴЩӲһﻹЩҩҷϰɡ 
ӢۣҪҩҶɺһۣһȴס˼ˣҰγˣ 
Ҷ˵飬ĳʵȴǼģɺβ֪ЦΰգʲᣬѲɻҪҽ̣ 
۾˵ӲҶһһֱɺ˫磬һץסˣСذ˳ 
Ȼ˳ʱɺǲԽزһ£̵ļɫͻȻ䣬ԣж춪 
 
ҶһУѪȻڲסһĨɺʲᶾ 
ɺѸһ֮ɫǿſڣû˵ͷ΢΢һ࣬Ҷϡ 
ѪðԵĶҶһ 
ɺü᣿ 
ᡣ 
ҲвɺܣսɱδͣҶ簵̾һѵĻС 

ʱѼƽĵˡ 
ͬʱҲƼ 
Ŀңңһԣ漴ֿжЩζһĵȻҲҪȳ˿ɺõĺܰһȴҸ㲻죬ȻңȻΪ֮ˣء 
£ȴһҲδͣ˾ıԵǲһһ⣬غӦõĬһ㡣ɾűѲȣŻٺһңξйϰնɱһ 
Ȼɾվξػв׷ǣɱһҲֿˡ 
ۿسͷңңҲֲסнҲ˰գٸ£ǵǷǣ 
֪ô˻һ뵹ǨŭȻͬļҶİΣķȷǶ㻻ƥȥա 
Ҳáսգȷƣһ˼Ҳףһƥġ 
ȥǣƶ˭ҲԸ໰ĿƿҲʡȥһ֮顣 

ңңƫͻȻһѤ̻𣬶һ٣һơ 
ǶϢ֮Ȼһ֪ݣҲϵóɫǾ䡣 
Ҷ类 

ػһȦҶڻеɺĿϣҷһ֣㡣 
ݲÿɷ 

Ƽ֮ʱҶͬξˣֻӪʵԣѷȫֻ֧ˡȻһʱŷ֣ɾӪ쳣֮⣬Ǿȱߵ֮ʱҶеǲڲֱֲϮӪկʤʵǼȻ 
Ҷͷ˿ɺ԰׵ɫ̾һ̹ȻҪɱңĴƲɣԷŹ᣿ 
ֻһЦ𻰣Ŀʾ£ǰҶнӹɺҶ֪棬伫ԸҲֻɵȥˡ̲סֵСЩ 
βȵһأ磿ݲ֪ʱǣסҶ
ϼӳĿǽսϣǳǳһƬW죬ѷֲѪɫ 
ɱʼᣬĵ˻УżҺһ 
һѵβ 
ս죬о֪ 
 
֪᣿ҶԸףɫǰݣˮӮңͽǰնɱٲԥġ 
ɹ󽫣̫׷꿤һ֮½ҳȻҪɱҡ֪ҶҪɱҲŭ֣΢΢һЦһ᣿ңģң޼䣬˲ɣ磬ҲС㣬ȴΪ㲻ֵ 
ƣҶ΢΢һɹݣҿˣ 
ǼơҡͷЦϣЩСвǰŪֻһ¡ 
⻽סߵһɱ࣬λҶˣԸģ 
ɱ˧ѯΪţ˶æ˷Ը˭Ҳö֡Υն 
ˣȥɡɱ뿪תҶ磬Цˣ 
סҶ 
Ҫװɵ᣿̾һ֦ǳҵ£Ӫģֺαزϳϣһ٣סҶ֣ϸϸѰȥˣķڷ 
᣿Ҷ֪޷ѣһЦĿ䣬ͻȻּӶ£âֱȥ 
ԵĶ֣һͻ˵ܳɹȻʱϮߣȴս׿֮ݡ 
һסҶһת̽С 
 
ýǳӰ᣿ۣб֮üϸ΢ĩϷŹβųһ֮Ʒܵü˽޺̧ͷֿҶ磬΢Ц˵ľ˵ģʱǰԵ 
ҶԴΪУȴ̹ǰ飬Ҳ䣬ֻһ䣬Ϸʣ٬֮⡣Ҷ״ּ氵ʧ֣תͷȥӡȴ뵽óӪαܣִסѵ֣Ӱ龰 

ڳ񣬱һҶ漴һ飬Ѩ㣬Ҳòֻص˵ĻϴȵĺЦ磬˭ɱ㣬㶨Ȼ֪Ҳǣ˭ӪȻݲ㣬ȥա 
ڲϼＲ۶ȥֻǷȴϡ 

̻Ϣ侲סгãͷա 
ԲӦȻҪӪнһ˻ضȴǵ֮ɣĲǣȥȴ뵽ҶݵְΣ֪̲סһʹҪ 
һ˵ҲȻӪչͼ־һȫϮ·߷ 

ʦ֮УԹĲɷ纮,ȴһսһոˡ
΢̫δ𣬰˪ظزľһ˿ 
 
ˣ 
ȥ峿Цһţ˽ 
ҳ䵭̧ͷҶɫƽҲִͬʡ 
ǡ 
ݴأΪǵաûԤеĿ̱ƹݶԴսź񣬳׼ϵϸϸ֮⣬Ҷ粢δ衣 
ÿջΣǴҴҶҴҶȥ̸ҶҲĵͼȻذ֣ҼȲֺξ֮С 

Ҷ΢΢һЦʳ᣿ 
ξģкβߡҶһɹ 
ǾͺáݻδеļЦǼˡ 
ҲʱˡҶ˵ͷӪݲȵŲȥȻǡֵ֧գס 
Ҷȫʵ飬ֻǸ߰ģȴȫȻơĿһͻȻһЦ磬ҿɷͼŭ 
㡭Ҷ磬źȵһˮҲǺںݿûҶȷ뼤ŭȻȴֻ뼤ɱġ 
Ұ㣬æӦսξһֱѹû㣬ĪǡҴˣЦԽȻһ֣ҲƣѽҶ§˻УϢ 
ſҡݵֱ̽½ŪҪҶ׽޷ƾܣ϶ټ𱡱һɫŭ㵱һ 
˭ãҶľЦһԿصס˵°գ磬Ϊҿɲǵбȹ㡣 
ûӹݵ۰Ҷ簵̾һԸ̹ԭȻӱס⵱ƺûбѡ 
ܺùӪ 
򵥵һ仰ȴһ⣿Ӫ˭ɱ㣿 
Ӫ̫ˣǶĵϵӥײƲˣֻķаڡҶ紽߸΢΢ЦǵˣȴҲӢһǰֱԣ֦Ȳȥ˵ҲвٶĿգҵ£֪ 
֪֪ˣս仰ڣ˶˵ˡҲϣֻǵЦԷЩȴǲϳ 
Ҫ˵᣿Ҷ΢һԥй䲻дϮһ£һѿڶ 
˵ѡһ֪ġ΢Ц 
ðգ˵ʵҲûʲᣬҶ̾˿࣬˶ҩھʦϻȥעˡ춶֣ٿɼξͬ飬Ϊұ𡣡 
ξǷͬδ֪˵ˡ⼸ձ˺ϻͷ̾еʲᶾҲвٽⶾֵģز˵ 
ûáɻҩֻھʦ 
ɻݵüҲҩĴҲжţȴǽղżʵһִҶѪƽͰ 
ûʱֻЩ䡣˵ˣҶҲڡ 
µļȻ΢˼Ƭ̣ûֶֶ֪֧á룬˭нҩ 
ҩҶЦԸ⡣ܸѵĶ֣ϵĶǻ״͵ġң֪ʵ̫࣬ⶾֻվǽⲻ,ϸġ 

ּ䣬ȻһһҴҵĽŲǰͣסӪ֦зš
ĳչţһɨһ̧ͷҶ磺Ҫ󻻷 
ţ 
ҮཫͱʮɱɺĿ⾼Ҷ硣 
 
ǵ׻뵽ˣκȴ˺⡣ 
ҶЦһ£㻻 
΢΢һЦתҮãǾȻѺʦҲ֡ 
ǻ᣿⵹ɲءҮȷʵشҶˮҲ㣬ԭνɵģ֮һֱûҵᣬҲˡ 
ɵ飿ݲʧЦЩ΢ҺҶûҶԻᣬܣʮ֮˾϶˵ģҿ 
Ҷ粻ÿɷ񣺡ˣ 
ҪģЦشսͳȴ᲻áȥҶϢ̽ң죿 

ҶҲ˱ܣ§һ̾ݡ 
ڡݵĴѵҶ羱䡣 
룬ˣΪҪģ 
ƽ䣬һ漴ָЦҰĽ㣬׽㣬кβԣ 
Ҷ絭ƳһۣͽӺȤ᣿װḡѣң 
磬㡭еĶҲвȥҶ½䣬ֻǿЦ 
Ȱң޳ɹգԱַӣУǵλжأ᣿Ҷƿ˫ƣ䵭ŭϧվɫǣװҲװġ 
ôסͻȻЦ磬ҷ㡣һ٣˵㣬ϡܽߣҲɱ㡣 
֪ӳҶɫһȻ΢Цʵ㲻˷ġ 
Ũüһ֪ɻ֮ȻⶾԹŹ֣Ҳɽ⣬вһ˼Ѳ 
 
һ£ȥĻ飬Ҷ絹׷Ĳɺʹ֮һ֪֮ģӣҲ⣬ֱӴȥɺľҡ 
ɺΪҶ磬ԭо綾еҩֵҽΣҲӹһ˿ɫ԰ףڱ˯ϡҶ粻Ըڴˣչ͸Ӫʷ϶һҶӰſ㲵գȻһһعͷǰ٣ýһسмּ˶ٶԹů޷ƫƫŮӣֻڼ˼ѴСڣȴڴϾףҲȤ 
Ҷ紽߷𵭵һĨЦ⣬֪ƽļظƵһЩ£ȴкܶϸڣǵʱԣŻ˵ġϧ޶գҲֻȥˡ 

ɺʱıǰһĻһӣ֪ʲ£ֻܳյϣǻ͵徢ˮЦ΢΢Ƿ򾲴ݵȣɲҶҶ硣 
ѹסѿڵĻɺעǰˣ˶΢΢ᣬȴʹɺһֻĵȥץס˵ֻۣһ̰ޱȣΣԶҪҲá 

Ȼɺȴ֪Ҷ˵ĵһ仰ǴӴ˲Ҫ档 

Ϊʲ᣿ɺûдУȴǾδй䡣 
޲ɢϯҶбȻƽͣ΢Ц޿κΣ֪Ҫضã˶䣬ҪɺƼڽַ£ɫʲ᣿µ᣿һգɱȥˡ 
ɺֻЦȫҶ磬Ҷ練ǲᡣҶͷۣ˼ҪҪӲʱɺͻȻһ䣺滰Ҿߡ롣 
Ҷһģ 
ġ
ӰӪʵڴսԼ߶ĽŲ 
ΣݶԴ̬Ȼ㲻ҶЦһۣתͷʱϵɫ쳣ᣬɺ˴࣬ϲԹᣬ룬һ 
ɺ봹ۣޱ飺 
㶮ġҶ纬ЦҪ˵ģҸ㡣ڣ㲻ٸˣ뷨ӻȥɡ 
 
һ仰˴Ӵûݣûйϵ 
ɺҶת⣬һ־Ȼ֮⣬ͻȻʲҪһ㣬վסңʲᶼᣬֻһ仰˵ҪͲҪ 
޳ӰͣһֻͣĬ 
ʲ£ԶԶԱ˵ί裬ȥɺȻסǵͦıӰҪ죿Ҫ죿֪գһ뿪תͷߣûңһ᲻ܣҺ㡢㣡 
Ἰ֣Ǵʣôгġ 
Ҷһᣬʹ˻عͷȥǿӵڻһȻҶҲһתͷڵϦҪģɲǰ׷ˡ 

ãҴδ㣬˰աҶţЦҪ˵ֻǡ 
һɣ⡣ 
ֹ֮Ϣʣżţɺڴϣţ֪˶ãŷʪȣԭƲס 

ȴһҹδߣͼɽֱ鵽Ȼ˲ΪɾʣʣҲзᡣǵ½սʱƣɾ°Ѽ̣תɾʱ󲻿ͬնߣҶ簲ȫҲ 
ֲۣգᾭסصڡ૰סֽҳ֪񣬡Ҳ֪л 
ûϵ춹˽ݶɱдһӡɱһģվܰҪ 
᣿õһЦҪֻҲδػԸ֡˵ĹڣҲС 
һδݲҶ磬ͷþѹһò֪ܽͻȻǰȴٲ϶̸һ֡ 
Ӳ䣬оʿӪмءȡˣչüһЦ˳ӸãǴӦˡ磬ǰӡ 

һԵææµµᡣҹƺϴݱ¾ˮҶ糩ͬһңʱ˲֪¡ 
ҰʷԣģʶػҹŮɫ֮ҲһˣҶˮ֮֮ܣգǿʱֶʣӣȻǶδҡҲۣ˴Ҳ 
Ϊ߻䣬ģ֮ӣ֮˶Сз飬Ůһҹͬӹ֮Ů֮ˮνݲǷǡ 
ȫȻ֪ߣͬһҲ 

ڶգڸȴٳٵȲɾ֡
Ҳ֪˶ãżɳһԶֱξǰɲ֣˻ 
ʿȴȫ⣬ɹʹߣҼ֮ǰģүڣ 
ԴǱѰʹڣ΢΢üȻڴˣк£ 
ʹ´˶ۣȷ󣬲ҼҽүǸԶţͻȻһֻøˡ 
Ԥϣɫ䣬üëҲ벻һսնʹգҴȴҪˡݾ֣ˢˢһƬչµˡ 
ʹ߼һ䣬漴ЦȻҼҽһүϢŭҼҽһԡͣͣҪʣҶΣ̣Ը︰Ӫһ棿 
 
ͬܲ΢΢ҡһҡϢƽջҪɶϼ֣Ȼ˿̡оҶȷǳˡ 
֪ѹһƬˣع񣬲˷ 
 
ү˶թδ棬ǧ򲻿š 
үһ֮ףᵸյأµԸɱУҶ˾Ȼء 
 

һۣľȻ֪мҽսһ֮ݣһ֮˼̹ǣ֮ϵıòɰ̾ϢҲǴ˵ˣʹ尾ζûг 
ȥաҵ֣ 
һԭȼõ˶ͷȷǴ˼ʵð취õ֣˼ıҶ֪ȥɲǺʡ 
̧ãĿ⽻ᣬ˴˶֪Է˼΢΢һЦȴ˵ġ 
ཫڣ 
ĩڴˡһĻӦ 
ܺáһһҾ֮£ʱȫϽˡϽսˣԴˡһˣ 
һæҲ֪ɵģȴΪȻҪƴȰ˵һ۴˫͸޼ᶨȻס֪޷Ȱأ૵үǧ֮ӡ 
ǧ֮ΡȲΪңΪξΪ£һһεգӲ¶£һƬȻʣƴһ֪˶ѣοδء 
 
࣬Ƿ̫ࡣ£һҪԼȥӪûңڣҲһƿش֣˧ضҵġȻǣЦοƻˡܣǴѹݳͬ춾򶨲Ӻҡǣ˭һɡ

ԾǷɣü˵Ӣʹߣǰ·ͬȥݣ
ɾʹҲһ˿壬ٲԣתͷȥǽȥв֪ǺζһƲɹܲҡǱɣҲȥơһȻȥȴϲҲҪȥûü˵һȥԶˡ

˿ǰ죬ãҶסȴĸ裬ַĽǣܵؾľ߽̿ʱҪں䤱ҶڻƤɫ԰ף֫䡣 



26
ݶͷ֣Ҳ֪ǱѬˣнꡣȴƲ󲨶ƶǽʱҲֻ̧ͷˡ
Էſˡ
صҶ֮࣬յơֻ֪ΪҶǲ֮
ɺҲڡȴǱ廨ֻӰڽ䡣쵹ûжסƼһҪȥ

磬᣿ӶݵսһΣҶߣ׵ͻ
еҶȻܻشظҶ·˼ֵݣϸ˿ĺֻĶҪʹˣȻתŭݣ㡭ˣ
ݴһ˿ŹֵЦ⣬ֻ˵ƣ糿Ϳʼ䣬ʲᷨӶáˡܸ֪գ
һҲݻе֮⣬ĬȻ֣סҶһЦ漴֣ζϸ
޳ྻȴĹϸ˿̵ˣѪɫˣʡ¡

ȻɻĶˡüĵĽԽԽ
ֻΪλڽ죿Ľҩţһ°

˶þ㵵̧ͷͬʱ쿴Ҷ羭磬Ȼ治ʲᣬܶʴ֮ȴǷ
ɻ˵ͷͣò᲻֪
γͥеĶ䲹һ䣬ͷ˯еҶ磬Ŀ޾пǺ˰˼׽ҼŮ͹³ѣɴûֻҲܷࡣ

ƾݿڲž֮֮ⷬȴһʱ޴ǣһ٣̾Ԧ֮ǷֶʲˣȲɻ֮Ҳ޽ҩȴ˯ȥͨ磬ա
˵䣬ͷҲأʮָƿһ䴦ɺϵѱնϣ׼ͷǡںôɼδǸһۣʵˡ
үɺ΢һ
ˣЩͷ˵סɺĻɡ

ҲδǷԸֱӱ㽲нĿȻҲûа飬ԹԵزȻᡣ
˾Ǿ֣һ˵֪ϸƻػᰴסҶͷظȱӿʹԴԴϵעҶڣһǰн

չҫҫһգյӪһƬɭȻҶ⣬ز˱̤ʣҶˡɽ˸ΥȻƽʣֶĲ£ֻȴԤɱ
ֻǰιᣬڻһƬƽĪ˵еĴ֮ԸߵĻ䣬ɽɶ֡ҲûнʣƼʩΪû˻ᾪȳϢ

һܣԲͬʱƣȫˮʪ͸ˡԭգ˭и˶ھɣȻվ֮ɡһЦһɲ䲢Թֻѧֵݣ壬Ȼġ

ӳУҶë΢ǰˣһ㵣ĿתݣԻ֮ɫء˾ǶδҶɫּع֮⣬һʱ˭Ҳڡ 



27
ɺҶЩʱգ龰ǰȡһԵֽϸҶϺ
Ҷ羭űͨϳһƬڷմʪԴңȴǽˣЦ֪ԸҲԸȡĿƵϣӰΣ΢΢һ̾ʲỰҲû˵
һвȻ
֪һǲܲһЦɫ糣ȴǼеһ˿ᣬ㲻
һݱ˫ۣЦлǰȻƣǸһɹĺáǲģҲһȥա
еⶸ֡
üҼȸͲֶΡĪ˵Ķû⣬ҶҪؾʦ㶾ˣҲߡ
᣿ЦȻ֪жˣǣ֪ƽ侲زһʱ嶯ҶǺβһ̸
̸ʲ᣿ɫ
˵Թԭ𣿺˵Ҳת䣬ְաıԽ㣬ɱϾʦݾһһӹˣӢ֪ҴǷáʱΪأλԸ񲻿գ
ˣͬɺڣһôˡ˭Ҳδϵݾ顣Ȼϸ룬ŵɾɽ֮ʶԭʵ¡

½ɽӢ۾֮ֻһ֮䡣
Ƭ̣ͻػͷһЦ磬Σ
ҶɫƣϢȴѽƽȣϣʱʹˡοһȨƣΣҪ᣿
Ҫ֪ѵߣҶ֣ⱲҪҹģ˲ˣ᲻Ҫ
㡭
Ҷûϵᵱ˵棬˵Ȼŭ֮£һᣬһĻУһȣ
ߣ
ಣҶƼһ㣬˱ӳʡһЦ
л˺ÿͣҪˡУҪʵۣҲñ˰æ
Ҷ԰ʶֽʼģ

˴ӣζǵһγ걻°߷ɱʱɲҲˡҶֵ֪˫ֻۣŭʸƿãлȼձϰ죬ɱź׷ѱ档
ģһƽȣҶط֮ϣͷһƬ

֪˶ãҶ춱ƽǿѹ˫ۣҶ粻˿
Ӫˡ
ǰﲻİǶúɺȴ֪ںδ
ڰСˣ㲻һĵˡҶ˼ȵ
΢΢ЩζҶһԸȥЩ棺ӳģҲһ١ 



28
⣬룬ӰƣͬһοҲ޲ֻͬȴʣ¡
Ҷ缡ԭ𪣬һԽ԰ףֱֽһ㣬˫ȴ͸ĺ죬ޣ˿ȥֻһģмȴͷأƫƫֻ£΢΢Ц

ӳ֣СǾӹ˵ģʲϡŹֵİûУߺһ˿Ц⣬ҲڣҶ齱£ݴʱߵֲ㣬ֻҪ˺۵
ʱĶѳۼףֻһɫСĳòӢӺݣºͶЦ渵ȫްɱԵ·ֻص꾩ʦʢеүѹģҶ֪Ʊ䣬̲ס̾Ϣһѵ꣬γûб˷ԣֻ֮ͬˮʱҲҲɲˣҲ˵ˡ
㱼䣬ԭѺʹ˾ִ꣬Ӿʦţǧɽ̤ˡ

֪ȱ˽ҩɣҶ練һжˣƽգ֮Ҫ֮ģ˿ȴֻƽһЦ۵ϡŹ֣ĶҲزٰա漴ǺݶǣЦݲɬ漴æȥ
Ȳ˵ӪһҺͨ˰ۼ˩㻹᣿
̧֣ԭ봥Ҷգ;ȴָĳϵ˷ǰɢ
ԭ֪ж
Ҷ΢˴ûü˵ҲȻЦֻǾ룬˯ˡ

ԭо綾ǲвɣԴĿӪҲܼƺɣϾڶⷨ䲻ãȴΨһΪˣֻǵûܳɹǱ˻
ᵽ˴˿ΪλҪأҶȴҲףֻԸǽˣο޷ӣ˵Ҫɱϻʹͥȴһ㣡
ȻҶγûԼԼĸ֮⡣ƽǰԶңֻ򾲲ݸ΢Цһĥ紺㻯֮Ωһв䳾᣿¼ҪҲΰգˮţȥ޹ҵ޺ۣá
ֻͷҶȴֻģģķһҲġ

Ҷ簵˼Ծ¶ɫֻü۽ǵϸ΢飬ȴùۣ԰̾һβ֪˵˼֮ԲҴȴıҲֻװˡ
˸Ļ̥Ʋѣһʱ

㡭
㡭
˲ԼͬͬʱڣͬʱסЦݸӣ沿Ҷ粻磬Ҫ˵ʲ᣿˵
Ҷֻȵĺȫ˵ѵϣ֣ɶ˫ЦƺܿһеӣҶǱ֮С
ʵض˶ӣҶ籾벻ۼԶЩȴεطֶ˫ۣӣطסѵ·ԭǸ֣ЩСڣù
Ц˵˵Ӫ£
Ī̸һסҶĴЦЩҲ۹ˣЪһЪգЩ¾ȥˣأѵŲң
Դ󡣺ȫǵõսνˡҶҡҡͷ˵ĶӱֻҲѸˡ

Ϣˣү
Ҷ绹ûĸ³ű£漴˿һ˫ֱأЦЦűߣү˳·תͣǼӽǧٸء
Ȼ⣬Ҷĵȴ˵壺˵ˣʲطزأ
ĿתҶʱͣû£Сıˡ

ͣҾûˣʵͷۣ˵Ȼûк
ȥӪʱӵǧӼ㣬Ұ·˳ùˡ
˵õɣʥּѿʳ˭Ҳû
Ŷһؾأ֪ʲ£


29
仰ȴŤͷһ߲ϵҶ˵ʾ䣬ͻǽ¶һ㡣
Ҷ粻֪⣬ϸ룬ҡͷӪգ֪ʦ򡣡
һˡЦЦűߵһۣҲϢˣǳȥϸģ
д⡣Ŀ΢΢һЦ롣
Ҷж侭ֺͨȻأҲȷǾ뼫ۼǿ˼䣬֧δЦҲÿλԱգȴҪ˯ˡ

⣬ԶĵطͣסҲܣɺҪˣȥȥա˵ӣҪҪˮģСĿ
ǡ
δӰһɺͷڶǰӦһҶԡ

֣ߣ
ѯãЦݿ䣬̬Ȼһ˷緶
ɣɫү٣Ҳ㡣
£ͦεıӰʹ˲ȥʧɽʯľ

ɺ̧ͷȻסԶȥֱ֪н˷䣬ȼ裬Ҷ紲ᣬɺлѵǾ仰ӡ
ǵġҶֻӣҲûбĺڴɺ˿ס˯ӣӴбϣ͵ϸ΢ë̲ס֣Ƭϣĵȴɬ޶ˣֻЩʲᣬȻʹ䵽˵ףҲزȥ޷ԭŲһľ֣Զضˡ

һ缲ӣͣܿչӰҡ㲻þѣȴҲĹˡ

Ｋ˼УҲӲҵĶĿãʲƽز˵˵ģڴ˼԰ա
˸һ˵СϪչ΢֧飬ԵӰڿ

ƽز˵ģҲֻˡþʵҲûʲ᲻˵ֻϲǣ񵭣ʺ㣬Źա
˵ˣòͱضҪȥҲ˵òã֪ǲˣʡ
ǵġõȶһҲˡ

˼̣ͻȻЦ㵹˵ʲ᣿Ŀбɱң
֮ԣ˯仰ҵǵáҲЦȴǲɲ򣬡춹˽Ҷ㡣Ҳɱ㡣˶٣аƣ̾˿һʱ˵أɱ㣬ҲģһΣٴڶΡҿɲԸѧ㣬ԽԽԶֱʧҲ΢ɫã˵գҶо綾ҩȴھʦҲֻңάǧֱѰؽҩҪⶾͲټ
ɫһٱ䣺Ϊʲ᣿ҲҪ
޷⣬ֻпɫȻΪʲᣬҵķӣˡ档ã˭һ㲻ᣬ⡣
һòΪȻ¹˭в֪

̸ֻǶܱȫվռϷ硣
ԶҶҲ˯вض˶ӣ΢΢ü
ɺץסҶ֣һɺů˽ȥȫҶвʲᣬɺҲʲᣬ˫ֽգͷһƬ
Ҳ֪˶ãɺͻȻӪڴ΢ңĶ𣬸˴ȥȴһɫҴңӵһƥ⼲۳ȥ
ɺף˲᣿ȥ
δ壬ƿ󲽶룬̵ȥ׼ҪõģǼ̸ 



30
ꥡ
Ҷ绺ۣǰ･
˿еĵĳڱڣһžɵ̴ľһʳСչԳбƻеȻڲϡ
Ŀռ䣬ɵƣȱռȥһ롣̫ϤϢҶҲ֪˭
ү
Ҹս⿪˯ѨһĨſҶ֣ʱˣҩա
ҶؿߵʳУȡһѺճҩ֭ǰƴϵϦЩ㱣˯һ磿
΢΢һЦȻ˯һһҹˡ
ҡûС
ûʲ᣿ѵҶҲ¶㯾֮ɫϾơ
Ҷһף֪ˣ
Ҳ֪˿Ҫˡ
ƽ͸ԼΣգҶδ죬ɻнҩ
ûҩҵķӣĶݻ
ʲᷨӡ
ܷ
̵ִҶʻ漴ĴǿƵظͬҩ֭һ𣬰Եסδڵ

һҩ֭ι꣬Ҷճ죬΢ң
δȥҶ紽ǲҩգ΢Ц˵㡣Ҳʡ
вҶǲ⣬ȴʣСڻͥг󣬶ЩݹŹֵ׼Ҳ档
ܶʲᷨӣ֮ܶ־һأǷծδҪϴһˡ

ϼȥવû΢ãĺɫΡ
Ҷ籾̽ѯȥȴҲ֪ˬ͸¶Բᣬתǻؾʦ£֪᣿
˵ģЩ£ḧҶӹһ˿ϧ׺Ѫֲǲ֪
ŭŰʱ治ɫ侲ԶԣͻȻڣҶ绹ǲ֪룬ܣЦǰҵǰ༧Դ᣿ǻǳҡж㶪ˣһ

㡭ɫһҪȴ̾˿⻹ǵһζ˵ˣҪЩҶ㣬ʵҲûʲġ΢һگúܼھڵϢûüǧӼ͵ģگҴǧڣǧǸؼҲǹб䡣λƹ˵úˡ
Ҷ羲ڷɢڰɫϣĳǰ룺̫òɵ¡ʣ޷ǾǰЩʱգ˵С˳йʹ̶ȻͣסЦһЦʵָӣ˵մĹ⣬ϧȴ֪
֪֪ʲССһʹȻüѵ̶Ǹ¹ȥοܱȵιƽº᣿
һ֮¶šҶ֪ҰģҲȥ̶֪ǰߵúܣñȻ˼ȴᱩᣬһ¹٣زΪ̫ϲȾˣֻҪ
¡ֵԹۡһЦ뾩ǳƣи㽫ˡҴ֣˭Ҳ磬㲻õģҶҪȥ
ҵĵĲֻҶһ̾ž·жǣŽʳү֪ҵĿദأȴ˵
ֵ˼䣬Ҷ羿񲻼ѣۿɫˣһЦ˯գʲǿءȥ·̡ģͷ֪ɡ
Ҷ΢΢ۣƿҪ³ҶȻһ䣺ݡվˣ᣿
ͣһͣתƽƽǺ磬㲻ʡȲˣαؿĽᡣ
ҶĬȻҲٶ˵ӰһӶ 



31
ɭȻһ·ƽƽԭ֮ء
ҶȻжҩֳռɽѩһسԣɻĶװԵۿ廹һȥէůĳʱڣ˶˼аȴʱʱú¡
ֻ䡣
ɺͲ˳Ҷ֣̾˿ʼ
ˣҶѣһЦʵҲûʲᣬ浱ֽļӡ
㵹ֽģǱġɺûʾȺˡ
ȷաҶŵϤѲζ΢üͷҲ뿴
ҿɲܣԻʡɺһʱһҪȡ
ɺ˵ˣȻָʱʱиĶˡ
ǲҡ
붼롣ɺԥҶ̽ۿҶ¶ʧ̲ס˿Ҫʲᶼԣҩ£ҿɰﲻ㡣

ᣬֲϺҩˣɺδ䣬ѽһϮӢ信ʣ복ڣɺȥգ
ǡɺͷĬĬ˳
ɺȥڴ£һ죬Ҷ§ڻЦһӳԴδʧݣס㣬е㲻
Ҷ֪ɺԶĽ֮飬ԲɺЦȴҲԸֱ磺վʦʲϢ
Ϣˣϣ洫仰˵Ͽ첻ˣδԼġ⿪ѵ£ȥɻˣһֶ˹̾Ⱥգҵ׿ι㣬ܸԸȥļ˭أ
Ҳǽ飬治ζҶЦֺһڣƿ룬Ҳ֪ǼʲᣬܽҾ¡
ҩϻȹɡ
ǣһһҶüš
ΪףǶ֪˶ĥӲʩգҶ类÷ʤֻøĿڡһ·ҲϰˣʱҶ춶ȻȻѿڶ
һ𣬵±׼ƬıȥȻҩȴǶҪȹģֻס˼
Цҿ̲סˣ绹ι㣿
Ҷ˶һۣù룬üһڿ춺ȹ⡣

ЦҶٶü۽Ǿǰ֮⣬Ҳ֪һ죬Ϊһǣңʧ
Ҷ룬Ҫ˵⴫һԶͣڶǰ
һԴ̫ԶҲиȴ죬ҶһҲ˳üͷһ壺
Ӵ÷磬ܼͣʡİɡ
һ仰˵꣬һЦڳ𣺡̫ͣүҶˡ
ҶЦĻϲ᣿

ӵܣסΪһҲֿʡ
ȻٴˣվЩӼοУǸĻ¼ɡ
ԷſҶ磬һȴ§б첻ֻ˸ˣֽŵǲ
ү¹³ֻۣ֪Ҿҹδ뼰ֻķ̣ЦɺͰףתҶʱȴһ˿ϲҶˡ
ҵּ˰ְݿɲҵˣҶЦĹٷʱģϲϲ
ա΢΢һЦӡûء˵Ҷ˲ˣصҩġ
Ҷһ·ˣֻ˵ҶȾؼؾҽҲ˻ɡ

̫֮ǰҩŶһЦЦס
̫ӲҪģӻóһֻУƿǣ̾ӨҩתȷҲһַˣʣ༸ֻһη꣬һС


32
ƣվ᣿
ɫЦ˼ĿҶ΢΢ײƼԷ۵׵ء
ˣ򽲾Ǹ¶ɽˮ̫ӵǺεеסýҩֱҪв
ϿϽҩһ¸̫֮ӣ֮ҩθǲڴΣλὫ˵ֶ춵ڶ֪
³ʵΣա

ᡣɭȻ
ǣҶ̾һЩѵˣҪ㣬ѵ㲻᣿
벻Ҷ˵һĿ΢΢ܱͣȱҪá̫Ӹ֪Ҵ£֪жȾ
һ仰˵赭дҶȴ֪᲻֪˶ŵ̫ΣίЩйᣬ̩ɱڣǺο࣡
Ŀ΢ЦҶ˼̫ǽ̸ȲˣҲ£˳ɱˣ
ǰ̫ӰУǰȥҹҲΪֳһƬ⡣
أѵɻϽƣĿ
ϲأسҪ£ǰȥšһ̾ʹ̶ǵһƬ⡣Щλ͵ģҲֻңΪףˡ

αĻҪءѷƣʵԲˡ
Ҷѿɫ֪ҵġΪ˽ҩѭ˽
סǳЦⲻѭ˽̫ǻ׷⣬֮µģ˳ҶҲ쾭尡
ͬġҶҡҡͷ岻һǣҲһȻ͸һ⣬ӳɫ԰͸Σ룬䲨ۣһһûֹģСǹ˲ˣֻڴϣ
ӵ̫ӣǹ֮£һ˽ͼԵܣ̫ӣҶĿƵϣΪ֮ʶв춹ǲǲ壬£Ҳ
ôס˭ҲϲҶ羹ؽڴִˡ
Ҫ˵ȴҶ˰֣뵡Ŀٲ˵

һ·нУգʦ
ȥһӦּΪ˺ˬֿ󷽣д֮⣬Ҳ㣬þʦ£һƬ޺糱
ҶԹһУȴǸĬϹȻټ٣̫ӳ˶ӣȴҲס
żȻյȴɹ캮ȱԶԶ˱°ūֻ֣ἰȴ΢΢ǣһĽᡣ
֮£ΣǷݣս޽⣬ĮĮɳ̳

ջƻ裬ͻȻּ⣬ڡ 



33
᲻ʱˣϸ飬һſ߼ʵʪͺⶼ΢΢Ҳ˼֡
ɺҶùţ߷Ըʰ̾ҲöԵ㲻ǣƫǲ
ʳϧҶ˿ڣùֽ棬ͻȻɺЦҲøǰһ߶߶ģ뼰Ѳһ
ɺȻҶеĻдζ˶˳ȥҧҧ㡭ɺʱǲǻ
ҶһûֽһʧЦǶġǰ޵Ʒ
ɺ֪ҪȺϢҲȥ裬ȡΪҶϣƵҪһˣ᲻Ҳң
˵ЩʲᡣҶתͷɺ˫üɫȴ￡ֻɰ̲ס˾ɺıӣ飬书ָߣҿҪþöˡ
ҶЦͽƵһšɺֱƽȥ뵹Ҷ绳Ƕòã
ããҶǱɺʱʱ§һ³ϰߵģҲûעѻƣ۹ֻصϵȴ˼ȥУ֪Ρ
ɺҶĲɣΪȴҲֵУ΢΢ɳɳֻһůѼʮ꣬ʮ꣬Ҷһֱסڶ˸ҲһֱߣҸˡ

Ҳ֪˶ãһ˲䣬һͻȻ˹ҶˣֵĿˣƣָҪ
Ҷ΢һҲʣ˶ӣǵաСıƼ
ǡ˸˾ѵأԻȥ
ɺҶ绳˫ԭЯģʲȡ·ϣʱ䣬ɫ
ɽ¥ǳʱڣʱݷģд¡ʼҵĴ£ıѪıɱɺҵġ
Ҷɰ귭ҳУ·ʲҲûһ㡣

֨ѽһƿֹϣѶӰ
ҶΪ˻˵֣һ£ͷҲ˴룬¶һɫۣƵġ
Ϊ֮˽⿪£Ҷ磬Ц磬
ƹյףĿţɫͰȴһɻ쳣ˡ
Ҷһû뵽ǰ½ǱҪ¹򣺡̫ӵ¡

ﲻǹУûˣ粻ض񡣡̫ԭԪ٩ĺǰһַҶ磬ЦǱʱ꣬ĸк⣬Ⱦůůอ
ҶزմƣȲ費٣ȾȴǰҲޣæʾɺȥȡɺ΢һԥѸݴܳ
̴ӣֵá̫Ӳصһ䡣
Ҷһݣص£⺢ԭǡ
֪̫ӽضҶĻ£ЦԭǶеĸᡣ濡ѹΪҲˣװ׷ϵһҩ
Ҷ봰ԶԶ͵ɺͬʱһҶľ̫λ֪ϸڣɺȴǵһ˵Ҷ绹ȹѡ

ʲֵġ̫ӿҶɣݸһЦϴа¼ϸѰ㣬ѵûжĿ᣿ɻĽҩϻкҩܽǼϾ綾ο㼴زʵǶ˰գ
׹С£ѲϡҶ綨ĵԽҲãѵ̰ᣬⶾⲻ⣬ԭҲ޹ؽҪ
㲻ؽֻ᲻á̫һЦ֡
빬ҶͻȻһ£ɫ΢䡣
ǰ㵹񡣡̫ӵʱȥҴµּ


34 
Ʋ࣬мԽԽֹζ 
Ҷ΢΢˸Ҳ֪ΪŨҹẮǱʲ᣺֮⣿ 
̫ӿҶһۣ죺ˣҲ㣬д˿̵ķ̶ˡγУҲΪס 
ԭǡҶѹδڵĻǻȻ 
̶̫ӣıЩʱգҲԾԾԵĹͷ˿̽вм֮ȥ̶࣬ԣɲֳȥжĴοҶ翴һ̫ӣȷǰбҪЩߣﱾеҲʵڲ¡ 
 
һҲǺϳһⷣǿǺáҶڡ̫ӾúȾƲӹӵϵȲһڣ磬벻顣 
̫ӿ˵Ȼָ 
˵ЦˡҶüͷһ壬Ը˹̸˽£Ҹˡ 
¡̫ӽضҶĻҶ¶һЦݣ㲻ȥˣɡ 
Ҷβ֪̫֮ʽҪҲһȻѼ֪Σ޶ԣĿת̫ӣ¶һ˿ң¡ 
֪Ҳȥ̫ӵһЦȻͬԧ졣ϧҪңȥ 
Ҷ̫ӺܼɵĽзͷʹȴ޿κΣ£ΪҪڴˣ 
ֻ̫ЦЦҶʵö࣬ڴˣ޷ǣ 
ֻǣǸˡҶЦһ૵᣿ 
ȿϽѪ㵱ҩȻҲġ̫ӷЩ֣ѵһ·㲻ѪŹ᣿ 
ѪʲѪҶ缫ѵõشס޷Ӧ 
̫Ҷⷬģ״룬̾Ȼû˵£˲֪ȴҡʱɥݳǱģСͱٻطøֶڣѪҲýⶾˡ 
ҶУ̫ӵңңشҲ֪ģ˴ѵûĶӻģ 
ˣЩѰҩѹסɻ涾ҩڼˡģܳŵ졣 
ת뼰ЩҩĿɬʣ뼰ÿΰٰȰաҶзڣһʱҲ֪Ǻζ 

˸䣬̫ƽҲм죬˵ǸУӹһ˿⡣ȴ˼⵽ǰԽԽ̣꣬ǻѶˡ 
ҶȻһع˦˼ 

35 

겻֪ںʱѾֹˡƮƮҡҡһͻȻҲϨȥ֪Ǳʱȥֻ˫˲ݻˡ 
ҹɫŨʦһͷ˷žǧ򻧵С˭ϵ˿ߣоĶǵ· 

ȥ·ⱻ̫˷סҶЦһ䲻书Ҳ֪˱һһĸ֣̫Ҵ 
Σ±֮ǰԼζᱻڴˡҶ˼ʣ۹ƳȴɺӰԶԶڶһӶûǸȥУвԶ 

ʱйң᣿̧̫ͷҶ磬̾һաϴμ棬Ѻܾˡ 
ҡҶ򵥵صһ䣬ͽ¡¼ˣкοɶ˵ 
ʷ飬Ң˴£вĻλ᣿̫˫ᣬΪ򣬡ѵܹҺγ룬ֻڵң˲ãҲҹˡ 
֮⣬мί͡ 
ǾΪ죬αضԳ˵ЩҶ絭һЦԸԡ۽ӹ̫Ӵƣ䲻ǽڼⶼ΢΢Ҷ粻һͻػȻԭ̫УҲʵǽĺܣѹҪ˵飬Щò˵ڣҲˡ 
 
㡭Ȼ֪̫⣬ɫȻһ˿ȻǰЩգʵĲѾˣ̫ҽ˵Σǰȴȫ˰ҺòҵһλᵥݣǿһЩ£˵ʱЩҩң̫ӻ뻳ȡֻƿת棬ʻ˵Ҷұãڿá֮˲źγûУȡˣҪȡһҶ춹ɵģ㣬ȴδˡ 
ҶԱʦһ·پκ˼罫֮⣬ҲΣ⼸Ҵǡ 
̫һĨգΪʲ᲻Ϊʲ᲻˵Чң֪ϣҪҲ㲻ãοֺͻܻܲһ 
֪ذ֣Ҷɫ񵭣ȫ⼸仰аصɱӿΣȳ䶨ʤᣬٰӮֻϻɱˣǻ֮£Ҳ֦ڿֻм²ףĿˮע̫ӣΪҪ˵Щ 
ΪҪ˵Щǰıᶯԭòɫġ̫ӲӰüм˼мįҲҲɱɡ磬ʵҺЩĽ 
ʲ᣿ҶȻ뵽ߡ 
̫ҡҡͷзҲãǺãҹΪݣҪͯûУֻǩһ٣̾ϢһڹеˣС󣬼ʹˣﻰҲܶ˵֡ᴦҪ棬ݡȻˣʱҲʵڷζýӣƫƫֲŰ壬֪ѣﻨܲĽ 
ҶһʱҪⲢˣȴֲԸ˽Ȼ˽ȴȷȷʵʵ˩ˣԶ֮ȨƢԣʶıϸӣС˴ҶͻȻһã±ǣÿʵ̫˰Ϊλˣ 
͸Ұɡ̫΢΢͸У㣬㣬Ը¡㸨һΪͬʷɺã 
̫ϣóģҶҲȻĶ࣬СѧһΪ֮ŬĿꣿûǰֻҪһͷһٻ̸ҪģǿɴӴһչѧ¡ 
һҹ紵һ谵漴ֳ 
ҶãŻڣº񰮣ˡҡܡ 


36 
Ŷ 
̫ԵѴ˼ɱ⡣ 
ҶҲη壬ɵ´࣬ʵʤм֪ɣʼգ¹֮ˣҲҴεıײ 
˻⣿̫ӵûҶش΢¶졣 
 
һƬȻֲҶѡȶгγޱϲ΢΢һЦ̫Ѝ࣬ΪλҪѦΪ֪£һȨѡ 
̫һü㻹Ҳ㡣 
 
޹ءҶɫ񵭣û⣬ǰ˱δˣϡǵõԼεȵ΢ʱԼ˵ڵĻֻһתۣ˷ǣ²ͬҳƶȺǰ̫ͬ渦㱭ͱȨ֪׷ǣƶˣֻҪ²ƫƫúˣس以ǣƣ֮ǡ 
 
̫һ֪⣬ĬƬ̣ѡҲƫƫá 
ֻǲܸᳯҶ̾һ˲ԳòƶȴԴҹ˾ʵӦƶΪһѡˡһ٣עЩȻ̫ƽʢ֮Ҫ춺⣬ҪǴµĳ 
Ҷƽ͵̫ȴðݡЩֱָһ䶼Ϊ˳ܳڵģȻֽʯȷι֮ɡ 
 
Ҷ˳ȡ˰ΡǳǳӳҶһԣԭ԰׵ļȥ񣬳峺˫˵ĵò䲻ѣȴһһˡ 
̫ӿһв˼ԭüɱ뷨ЩҡĿעҶ磬˵ıʥòҲ毺Ůӣ㵹м¡ֻûʱЩϧ 
ҶֻһЦεǻۣȡҲΪҿϧҼѡˣ֮£ȡٲԹˡ 
š̫һͷ⣬ٶԡ 
 
˭Ҳûн˵У֪̫ӵĽҩǲóˣҶȿѡ˾ܾҲá 
һƬ򾲣Ҳ֪˶ã̫ͻȻĵһ䣺磬û㻹᣿ 
˭ȻҲס 
һ£Ȼй˽顣̫ӲǲҶ磬ȻΪľУûһ˽£ 
ԭ̫ӸùҶ˽£Ȼ˿̣̫ͻȻĪؼ֪ 

Ҷ˵ˣЩۣǴСɵĶ˷ϰԣǰʧֻ̬Կס֣ǳЦûҲ˽Ҷɼ֮£ͬһɲҲġһ£ֻʵ֣Ҳκˡ˽Ҳ֮â¶ߪ֮٣֮ƫһĸٻã˳Уֻµס˼ʣ³δػн֮ƽͰ 
̫ӾþӹУ鷭Ҳþ࣬Ҷ˵ȷ̬ʵ飬Լԭ¸߰һ֮ԼʱӶ࣬ʵ١ĬȻǴ󱦵ԾԾ֮Ҳ˼֡ϱУӣҲһҪЮƣ˭ 
Զļȴ˼֡Ҷⷬڲ֣ȴˣ᲻֪̫ʻ⣿̹˽׳ˡϣ޼ʵʿɲͬýġ 
ŭһ𣬰ϧ֮㵭ࡣ㻹ʲԸδ᣿ 

ҪҶ˴ԼԼ뵽һЩһЩˣҪ˵ȴǧͷֱտ䣬ʲҲ˵ 

ûУȴС 
͵һЦ紵ڶ̸˳һѭעĿ 
һǽ£̫Ӵ»Ƶͷң¶һŲΣȴȻ 
̫ӺҶ綼ѼǴʱѷֲ˭ЩһھԼʱǰˣһȴҲ벻Լ֮ǰټһۡ 
̫ӾҶ侲䲻£ƣ˱Ȧȴˡֻǲ֪ð֮춺ηָܺʹҪȰΪѡ 
 
һ߼ת̫һʵ˭أ 
˭Ȼ֪ǻãҲģȴһף̫ϲ˵ûаѡҰգ˿΢΢һЦϸԼѾ̫Ӹ֮¡תͷ۹䵽ҶʱԾᣬ磬һ𣬶ʱδˣ㿴ɲ̫ð 
϶ƹٻأҶ粻ؿ֪˭һעˣ޾ϲ 
 
 

37 
û½ҩΪҾܷŵߣ 
黹һüȴЩԳּһĨ谮Σָ㺣ת۶ƵЦڸǣ΢ѵҶࡣ 
Ҷ绹ûعѱסϤůԴԴϵļ䴫ֱȫ֫ٺҶԭΪ࣬һߣȻɣֻů˵ʡ 

ɫȴÿһˣ㲻Ҫᡣ 
Ҷ֪¹ֲˣʵԼ˼ǹȡæǸȻһЦҲá 
ȴ˵䣬纮а̫ӣҩԼãҪҶȡ 
̫ԭֻһ۶˵ߵ׺ηʥνе¶һһ飬ǲ²ǰ֮ʱöԷƣη֮⣬ּ˲ڲμᣬһ֮Ȼ¶Ȼһġ桢ݣǴģ 
 
ʱ䶨ԲʱǿңʢΪͥĸ֮ߣʶ̫дһʡ 
˵ͷ㻹̫ûáûոѿ࣬ѽҩó۰ա㲻Ҫ˽ģΪҲɱ㡣Һǿɲͬǡ 
 
̫ҶЮƶְþֱ֮Ҷ֣Ҳν׼Ȼ;ɱĮȴʼδѹԭǷ޷ǣҪ뽫»ջüһưȻ֮ɫǸϾµģ飬Ҷº֪ͣкνڣһʱ޷ʩѽҩϣ̫³çлɳˡ 

ƿ⻬ϸ壬ڵɫԼɼҩοƿ飬ҩޣɲǣģ˶ٻ䣬շת֮ѵõɻҩᡣ 
򶨵Ҳһֶ࣬ԲܷġҶؿýҩ趼һֻɾյˮڳһҩҺݵ̫ǰ 
 
еĶҩ̫࣬Ҳֲ࣬ûκΣֻ̫ӵȳһˡ 
ǵԶ֮ˡ̫ȻһЦҲ֪Ǻغû֮˵ֻӹҩȥմȴóӯߣЦ,񲻱,м١תֽյҶ磬Ժˡ 

ǽҩԼȻԲҶҩ֣зһƬãȻ˼ǰᣬܾϡüԥҲ֪ԭ΢üĪҲҪñƵģ 
Ҷͷȥɫ亮۵ȴһ֮ɫҶһѵҾҪΪһ˽ʲˣǰ¶ܲ᣿춳̾һˣˣַ򸴺ԡ 
ͷҩһ춵أƬƬѩ 
ҢҪòҶ翹ּҩԾȣһҲƲһ֡ 
 
þҶ綯֮»Ȼ⿪һɣ֪ѳһ 

ҩɢʱ˻Щܡ 
û¡Ҷסеٷ꣬в֪ˣ 
֪վĲ¡º͵Ʋһ˿̾ϢҲҪȥ£һȥա 
㡭Ҷһ 
ǡ 

ǣ 
Ҷעãʱ侲ʵңҲ²õ 
ҵȥѾˡкȥҶ紽ҩգȴһһʲ˵ĻҶˣҲʣһʣվġҴ뿪᣿ 
ȥҶ粻ɴ档ػ־ѱǰԼϣͻȻ֮ˣ 
Ч׿͵Ĺ°ˡ 
˵ƽҶȴһ׿ƴδԶܺ⣬ճһ֪ʢ죬ԭһ֮ΪλȻԶȥ 
Ϊʲ᣿ 
ҲûʲᡣǰЩճأҼĽǡһЩɽӲͼڣ񲻿ϧ 
㡭õ˼ҶҲЩ³֣һʱҲ֪˵ʲᣬ󡣡 
Ȳ˵ЦЦҩɢ΢΢ߺҶ磬ָˣȥתͷ̫ӣ£ 
ңȻǿ̫ӰӰһֱ˿΢΢һЦ޾ִ١ 



38
ڻʹԺѰ˼ҽǰҲûʲ᲻ͬ
Ҳҵ꣬Ҷö˺ʵ£ȥװ֮ͷ̫빬šҹɫãҲû˸̧ͷϸ棬ϳǲͬ٭
һ·ƽϡҶ֪̫ӲƣּӳֻضĿɱ¾⽣ӰһƬ˭֪Ѳɣ֮쳣׳ʲ£һʱ˸ͷ˼㲻ᡣ

ֻܵˡ֪йعţ̫ںһԻľǰͣ£̧ʾǰԶٲȻĿǱߵ˱ǰѳҾҪҲѡ
ߵաһ̫Ѩѱסһѵ˻£ȻͷԹǱֻûɹȻһЦв׵Ҷ磬˵аӣ֮ݣĪ˵ֻӵˮҲ˵ġǡ
ӵסҶ磬ȣ䣬Ȼ
̫ӶãҶʧ֮ɫ죬Ѽ

գء֮࣬Ҳð֦ͣҶϸ졣
ֻ֮ש
ҶӹһۣȻסӼҪ׹ΪζһװڻϣѾ
ֲ߱ȥ룬ȴѲԺ

̾һӱᴫȥ˽һ¡Ȳȥʸװա
Ҷһûü˵ѱȥ֮׼׼رǶڷ

ʱҲ춯ĿȴһӰԿնҶϢǿ̵ģβʶʵһִټ伱չ˫ۣӭȥ˸µʱԅֱ硭û°գ
ҺܺãҲˡҶ綨˶֪ʱ¹شȻԸᣬｫ¼ˣּʵأ

ԼͬͷƣֶʶȤɢ

ҵϢϵģԽҩһȴе㲻ζԺϾӵҶЦ
໰ƺƲҶüһ壬ϵˣ

ڻŹ˽ҹ깬ڵ罫ĥ˵游̫ɫƽңκ޹ءͲأղֱһɱȴѲأҲмˡ

ұɱˣȻ
㡭ɱˣҶһЩЦ۹ȴɵľء
ЦһЦҶ磬ɵӣȻǼٵġһž֪ˣصɱս᣿̫ӰҵãҸ̶ƴܾˣҿɲģֻթˡ

̫ʵǴشˣˣãӣҶ翴ɫƽĿȴĶ̾
Щ⣿
żѻڴ׹𳡣˳ݣ£ȫȻᵱʱǧһ̵Σ
ֻ㲻˵Ҷ
ԭҪʤ̶̫ӣΪҶ磬ֺοرãίԼ

һʱ˼飬Ҷҷ׷׵Ҳ֪Ǻζ֮ʹɱ˸ǹ
̶˻ּܲȥˡԽǴ£ЦԽǵû׼Ҳϵǵּ⣬سʹӽڣҪ췹ǰλġȴϲһұס˹˵ɺ飬Ѱңʡ˲ʱ䡣
᣿Ȼüơ
ΪֹһжˣҶҲò̾Ӧ䣬񣬻ˣδ֮佫ƻƣȫ֣
лһŹҶ֪òʣͻȻһľңŮӵļмײȴȫЪعž
бʣ
˶һۣͷȵԭöֵҶҲĪҪߣչ΢Ʈڡ

39
֪ǵԼİΣ˵أʲɹ˼ɵġ
Ҷ粻赲ۣ˽ȥ书ҲᣬһǶ׾߹ʱҶҲǹ˵ģη֮£˭ָ

̫ϲټڵֻȼ˼֧Ļʹǻ谵Ҷһ٣ŽΡ
һŻϣѱŮһǣȴѪۣǱ˵Ѩ̫ڵڴϣΡָǰˣһȴصסؿڣˮĵĺ⡣
ֽãɫɱ֮ؾǰδҶһ뿪˵ȴһסϵӰʾ⾲䡣

̫һΪ۶꣬ʱƲʧ䱻ָɫϢŭ˭֪֮Ѫأ콫󺵣ң
ĿעӴϵˣһֻ뻳һᣬ俪㻹ǵ᣿
̫һ㶣΢ϸȥͻȻɫ䣬Ҳ΢ǡϣ

Ҷ簵ᣬι߻ֻԼƼǷīһһŮˣƮƮļѣȴĿ̫ڻһйصɲడ

õҡҡͷʦϡȴֻǸ¶ˣʦ˼ĸģ㻹ϵá
˵̫ںȻŭѻ۲£㾿˭۾

⻰һҶˮ

̫ƽǰԭΪռ˷ᣬ̫ȻãԷξ֣ʮձܶ뾩ְҲͰˣκջˮӻίʵ̫̫Ϊ֮ʧ꣬ᣬ̫һԾ𣬷Ը빬硣
һᣬƼز᲻ζĸ֮ʳԾԭأɲ̫вֻýЦ̷ܾ̫谮ò˥Ứ˱䣬ҽΪ⧳ϣ̫ʹʧԹ֮ᡣ

ѻ۱⻨˵ı̫ɱޣιʷ˵ʣһΪ˻ԣһãҲͶˣ˭ᣬַֻʽ

Ƕӣʵжӵģֻһ㱻ͳ˹ɸɮߣȴڵھصֻǺ֣ޱ֪̫ҰĲŹӳҲ޿κΣ֮ơԭӶʮٻع̳еλ˭֪ûȵʮꡣʦһ¿࣬Ȼ
̫ЦԹǿΪܣɽӹԼҲ档Ҫ֮ޣֱˡֶֻΣҲδ̫мСЩˡ
ɭȻ̫ڣչһ˿û¶ȵ΢Цˡʦ飬˵ֲ֮ñˡɱȻʹҲ֮УΨĸ֮Ϊȴܡ
̫һǿ򶨣޿ɲ
᣿Ŀ絶һֵģ˵᣿
̫һѻҲ֪˵˶٣˿ȴĬȻԡ
ԣطʱʦڳġ߱Уûзܽ˶ѡ΢ͷһ˿˿Ҫ˵ļ߱ʱ˵ʲ᣿ûЦ˵ĻҲɱģ˭ңõģҲһҪõòɻȥǲԭ

ǴӱڷһأĻԼڿ衣Ҷ̲ס˸սһֱؽӵסϤĻҶĪİͷһЦлЦȴϡɫ࣬ͬʯ˫ֱǰ飬ҶҲδġ



40
ңңشعǽãòʮУЩ㱡
ڳУδߡ

ԭڣȴһֱ֪̫Ȼʧ̾ϢһҲ֪ǰڣΪʲȵڲŶ֣
֪û֣óֽȶʯЦݴĳС֪˭һ֪˭
ⶼǳ֮ͥĸ󻼣̫ڲ֪Ϊ˶ʳѰβۣ˶ԷһۣãûϵʼԨԴ
ԨԴֻһĽᣬδ⡣˵Ĳɱʵڲʲ÷ӣԭ¶ڡסڲԣβƵҪᣬֻһˡ
ʵʦзѵ˱𸴹֮ȻСʦΪȻ֮ҲҪг˲ſϰġ

òӳ΢⣬ɱмưͣҶ翴ȴĪܡԶ⣬мΪ֮ƣмΪ֮һ֣
ȴǰЦŲæг֮

˸˼һʱͻȻţֻ΢΢ıϰ
Ҳ֪˶ãһ춯ǽŲӣżмУԶԶƽ
Ҷ磬˶Ǹеĸ֣üòţһ˿Ц˵Ҳ˵ˣ͹·գ
һڵ޿裬û̫ڵؿڣ̫ڱ͵;ƿ֮һһһûóڽǻѪۿǻˡ

һչӵ̫ڴǰһߣȴֻĬĬעλ˫ȴڵϦ塣
㡭㡭
̫ûбƻϳ˶۾ɣзȴ˵һĻ

ҡұȥ˭֪飬㻹˷ѹԹܲڵˮȴԵøƽ㲻ö룬ȥθ游ʰգ
̫һĨ壬漴ڣǷŭǻţ˵齻ӣ춽̣˫Ŀ죬һۣʹ

ɿѱȴͻȻյһãȻʱմĻǳֻΪ˶ԸȨµˣֽˣȴȥҲûʲ᲻һ
ҪʲᣬھУھ⣬˭֪

۹⻺תݽһҶϣô߸һ˿΢Цм֮⣺磬ҾҪˡ𣿡
ҡԻõ飬Ҷ粻֪ǰ̤һ
һ£Ҳо仰Ҫ˵ȻתǡøҶм䣬ȴãֻҶ磬磬ҪҪʵۣա

һ仰ߣȴ˶һ
˵ʲ᣿Ҷ缸ԼĶ䡣
˵ҪҪʵۣظһ飬ɫ꣬ҿˡ߹ҵĴʱ˺;ռ۳УҵӵΣҽһж㣬硣һ仰ͿԾµˡ



41
һ֮УҶ绹ûãȻȻʫػ˼ʱͻȻһҲϡʶؿҶƺϤӢҳһ˿ЦȻƵУɫͣȻɣȴûаֵ٩ζ
ҶڵأҲ˵һ֡
⵱ȻǸȦס
ҶŶ˻Ὣ˽ȥװšӣԶǿƵģǿΪĿһеĵزʱȻ׳仰޴Ӿϣֻ뽫Լǣȥѡ
۴ǻǣһԳڣ»вͬҶ֣ȴעҪݣҲԲÿ
ֻõػֻ֮΢΢һЦ飬ղףɵΪΪȻٻߣվֶΪĬȻ
αˡ

ǣΪҪоβʶŭϳ壬ĶԳ磬͸ֶΣʲᣬ᣿
ҵʲᣬȻסȻһͷãҺ㲻ͬҪģɡ˲ѧãδ춽ԥʵңһӶԸȥһ롣ѵΪĽ᲻⣬ұҪװ׵һȲܾǱˡֶζʹ֮Ҿſ

Ҷһ𣬻̫ңǺ÷ƽϢЦڡ˵ЩѾˣгмسãߣҲǸߵʱˡ
Ϊ֮ף߱ԭ֮أҶҲǵʱΪͰ֮Զߣؽ֮ˣҲС
һ֮ܣ˼ıŲ֮ȻΨһ޿ģ֮һԽذ˱ˣϵûԼమ˲أ컯֮ʧŪˡЩٴӢٴȨҲ޿κε¡

ɫѩҲưףעҶ磬һ˿ҵ΢ЦáҪˡ磬Ұ㣬壬ǵݣҲֻաԭأҲչ㣬ҲԸҩ磬㶮ᣬҾܸ·
Ҷ֮ضҶ򵥵صһ䣬ʵҲǺס޷˵ࡣ
ˡ
ֿҶһۣҪһۣҶοĵסҶȻЩģֻ΢ƿգһʹ΢΢طЩζȴԼҲû⣬֪Ṧһ̣֪ڶɿˡ

ھҲ֪˶ãҶһΣػع䲻һԣרעһֱҶ硣״һ̾ȥȻҲԸΪģվҺܸˡ
᣿ҶϵЦЩŹ֣ȴûƿ֪һǺġ


ԶԶ˿һɤӣȻм£ʥϡ

ڽҲٴˣҶȻ̫ӡᵽˣ
û⣬̫Ӵ˿̻ӦѨ⣬ڻȻͱȡҶüһǡ

ЩҶĲֱԽһڴңʵ᣿
롣Ҷ粢Ρ 



42
겻֪ʱͣˡһ¹ԼԼӳܵĻңԶ·һ硣
˺ɣȺּ⣬Υ泼ɤ֪δ̫в˺ӲȻһŲң̶Զȥ
壬һƬž˵ĺš


˵滰ˡ³һſҶ磬˼£ﻹҵģҲû⣬վԸһ֮Ϊô
ϻʲôү㲻أҶ絭ЦţţϲƱһƬ䣬үŵĻֻңʵǷŲһƬɽգ
ʮҵӪ૵˾䣬ʧһЦ磬ҶģӦ֪⽭ɽҶҪҲҪô
үĲ书ġһҹ紵Ҷ֦ҶϤκʱ̫ڳиѶ̫ѳɣүж֮ʮҲð
³Ϊ
أأԣܸ
֮

˲֪Ҷ緽˵ü٣һѣͻسͷ΢˻Σأûʧ̬۹ӹϣȴǳһٶ˶ĿȥǰľƣؼͶӰɼ׼ķɲڡ
򶨣ʵһʱȴ⣬ּ˼
ɴ߲Сڣϰҡ
δ䣬һҶһչѽ𣬵ʱһƬڰ
ԭˣȻ˵ίʵ٣ֳǱߴϾһʬף֮΢磬㡭
һֻ΢˹ס֣չƣдˡ
޳ָڶĻīϢߣȻʱ˵ʵڲʲôʱ⣬лһҶд꣬ץס˷ڴһס
ȴ裬¹ʱȴڣʲôҲˡȥȻǳһ伫סȴŽķ
ЩǺ֣㲻ø֣ҲǲµģƾǵĴǳڹʱԳԼҲܾˡ

ⶸ𣬷ϵҲһ֪˷֣ƲӰһʱѡ
֪Լ±ػ쿴Ҳȥǣֻ΢΢̾ϢһҶ磬ҶҲֻһůֻ⣬Ҳûбȴʱӽӽ֪Ҳ˶ࡣ
ڰ˾ˣ֣δš
Ҳ֪˶ãҶ̫һֱ㣬֪ô
֪˳ֲҶ羱һɢɱģǡ֪أ뵽ַӣЩڴ׹ʱѾˡҲ֪ܲܲ
㲻ϧҼΡҶ΢΢ЦһЦԽãԽ뵽Щ¡һֱ㣬Ҳǲšס
ֻЦԸǣ֮ϣѵõ飬ͻȻһ£Ⱥңҵ壬һֱţ
ֺοҶƣƺ˻Уҳʱ̸ɣرʵˡղǼװóġ
ǶһȣҺںڰҲûƼ硭
šҶ΢ЦӦ֪ĶңҺܻϲΪⱲӶ˵ģɻ˵ˡɵý
΢ȥжȻһҶ磬ֻеԽԽ䣺磬ôˣ
ʱˡҵĶûܽ⿪һҩûáֻߣûҩ֪̫̫࣬ڲһȥҶ΢ţҺۣҲ÷ˡҪɵ㣬úȥ
һֽҶԴԴһֻۣԾ£Ҷ˫ĿգɫҰףϢ˿ʱʱϡ





43
ѣ˯ҲС
ҡҶ磬оһƬ̫ͻȻһδҹЩļȿ־壬ƺһΣĻʲôҪʧȥˣҲ
۹żȪһѹϴζҲԼѪǿѹסģȻ
ٲɣγذףֱӴյҶ紽ߡҶҵѻ˯֪ʣٲûһڿӲιȥŲһʱ֣ѾһǺҲ֪Ǽ۳ģŵ¼İ߰ѪɷǴĿġ
ҶȴʼûбůϢǿԶظ侲ֻҪҩȣҽҲа취
Ҳֻ֪ÿ¶Ҫȥţһ
Ҷ磬˼䣬ȥ


ҹе֨ѽһ򿪡
̨»ͨһȺ˹ٷ죬ѵȵĽҪǰ̫Ͼ飬һ¼ɫƵסҪ˽ȥ
ͦεγӳڣƺһˡòȻ°ٹѸԺȻ
һҴӭȥڶߵЩʲô΢˵ͷһ䣬ɱ


̫һ˻֣˱ܡԼȴ΢Цӭȥһ¶ϣȲҲӭ
ɫʱһ㡣̫ӱƵâʮܴЦݣ΢΢߳
߽ԼǰѪȾȴ̫ҲЦβŵ
Ķû⿪Ҳ֪ô¡
ƽȻ̫Ӷȴ޶˶һ⣬һǿЦϵĽҩȫˣûãֻǷ㡣
кΰ취ô
̫ڶҩһ;֪ɻ֮Ҳ֪ƤëȻ˿̶һ㣬ĸ˵֡ϸ룬һϲȴɫ˼ɻģ˵Щɻһ֣֮жн⣬֪ɡ
һɹ˭
ѳңġ˵һ꣬ھŻɽĳš
̫꾡ṩѶϢȻŶȥãһߣλȵˡв֪̫ģȻһ̻Ҷ۲ѣ֮µĽɽ˿ͻȻѲҪˣһЦãߡԸ˵ʵҪǻţٲؾҪи̡ߡ
Ļû˵ȫȻ̫в׵ġУߣͲٴô
һ亹ЦôᣬԹż࡭
ҶͻȻתڵǰ˵λ֮ػ黹δȥԶڴģԸнɽȡҶϳһܻٲ֮飬뻤ա
̫һУϲֶ飬
Ҷ߾ֱǣĿһʹһ㼲۶ȥǲҵ׷һʱ䳾ʮת۱һʧ΢ĳˡ
ڹԱƵôˣȻԶû֮ģЩеģȴԼԼã˺УҲλӢ˲ݺүˡ
˺ʮ䣬Ҳȷʵûټһ档֣һĴ棬żڲ෹
˶ѡ


ȫ



 ƻɺ 


ϵķÿҹرԶ߽ɽͷһ·ɳʯЮ 
ɺŷХӲԶɽڲ˼ 
Ϊ˼һɲз˶ʾ׷˴ġͼûбɺ֪ɳĮأǱ۸Σգ˲Ϣǰɱӡ 
ؼܿܡ 
ɺں 
ꡣѾˡڶûһϢ 
Ҳá 
Ƶģģģͬһ̾Ϣĵƹ£ɺȻ΢ЦÿǶȥδ൱ɻ꣬ΪػǶˣΪζ 
Լ֪ԼѾʪ 

ɵӡͳˣôޡ 
ƹ޶˵һһֻɺȥϵ顣 
֡ 
ɺȻ̧ͷˣͦüۣݸ߱ѧķϣɳĥ˶ʯ⣬ȴûκӡۣ 
Ҷ硭 
ɺԼҲ֪仰ǽ˳Ǳģɤɺ˿ҲȥҶΪλͻȻҪʣҪߡҶǹԸ㣻ֻһΣôɻУҪѡ 
 

ɺ֪Լø࣬ס 
 
Ҷ̾ϢһҲʪȴ΢ЦţΪᡣ 
ɺҲͲסһҶĻС 
Ҷ֫ɺţе΢΢ʹȴԸסɺԼǰϢᡣ 
ɺͻȻ̧ͷգһҧ͵ҶľԼҲӭȥ˫ܵغһ 
Ҷƺ΢΢ЩȻһ£ȴɺʶرøԿҪеץסΨһľļУɺʵأ̰˱ŴϢľĴڽҲһ 

Ҳǲ̣ҲɺδԼܵܡȫҵĻȣαĪľԼֻת۱ɿյĿֻУɺֻͷһƬ磬˻еһƬˮȫȻ֪ںδֱһֻֽ࿪ŵ٩ŵ㲻Ļ 
 
Сӣ֪أѹʹء 
ɺûͷҲ޻ɣԥɺү 
Ϥģ籪ĽŲ˹ӢüĿͦһѰװڲסǹȻɵĺ֮£˶˭ 
ԭҲǺ޸ģա 

ɺϲһҪը˿֪ҶĵطͱػүĶڡ 
Ҷİ֮ռ֮ǿɺã᲻֪Դǰɺһֱеѹĵףа¶ȻһʱԽ̲סҶ¡Ҳ¶š 
ɺ֪ԼһҲ־塣 
֪ǶڣãôԼˣʲôϵ 
΢̧ͷɺ󵨵ǰɾµĶˣֻ֮ǰǵݸӡ 

ȴɺֻ߹ȥסҶЩӣŶЩѪɫĴһǣЦԭ㻹ܱ顭ҿǻἵʵġ 
ɺһȥҶ԰׵ϹȻ˵ĺΣԭҲЩˮ⣬öЦ˵Щʲô 
ôǵȻûк˵ֻЦȴɵؽҶ˯̺ϣ 
죬纮Сıš 

ɺ⣬ȻЯľһıֻһźë̵̺Ϊϯɺȴֶ׺ëƤʪ֡⵹ְѭ˽ھְλߣȴСòϧ춼ܵһ㿴⽫õĶ 
Ҷ簲׵תͷɺЦЦ˵⿹ɻƽˣ߹һ°Ȼҵշ׷Ǩ˵ءò 
ɺӿһůүӥ 
֪ǲʧ΢ЦЦȴǰеֿΪһ֮˽Ӷǣˡ 
ɺȻȴָжһʱʲôҲ˵ 
ȴһЦת˻⣺ղ㾹Ȼᱡ磬˵Ҫô 

ȻˡֻǡҲ̫졣 
ɺٿҶһۣòɣүԾãվʾ֮Ч 
أЦſҶ磬ȴһֹ 
ðɡߵɺߣʵΪ̫ǣơӻûãûҩȪĵطãԲʱߡ˳ֽɺԼ͵ɺߵԸԸ£ 
ɺãĵ˵ͷ 
͡ 
Ȼ粻˵֪ܱұʱҲŤġҪֲԸ仰ɺţʲôҲû˵ֻղҼӽ룬㡭ѵãգϲһҲá󼸸ȴڶԼ˵ 
ɺ˵һ漴ǵͨ졣 
үү˵ʲôǵԼ֮ҪԼʲôϵֻҪɺΪԼУֻУԻ󣬻ɵ۹ⶢڶϡ 

ɺģͻȻһЦɺ굹ԽԽءҵǵã㻹̷ţ֪ûǣ 
ϵЦݴаȴɺϤģȫģǺͷ 

һߵҶȴ֪ʲôֻǴ΢Цº͵ؿǡ 
Ȼһۣȴɾһ 
סɺ´˫ֽ󣬽ţ͵˺ɺ£ɺԭоʹò࣬һ˺ѩ¶΢Ŀ΢ 
ǵЦȴԽа񣬲⡣ 
Ҷüͷһ壬ֹ֣ȴɺǰЦղ۸㣬Ӧõġ 
䣬һΣɺĳͬ£ȫӵһԣѩ׾Ө޳˫ͬһڵ 
ɺʹݳ̣ʶͼӣȴĸ񿪡ţҶ˱˫ȴ˳Դ򿪣ɺȫ֮ڣر¶ҶС 
ۣ΢ӣһִɺԭѵõ꣬ʱֺߴſ˳ؽԼķʽҶ翴һ㵣оҲһԭҪ˵Ļǡ 
Ҷ֪ɺԼҲԶдұ׵ĳȰ⣬ȻʱҶȥȴϷʵЦȴֳؿԼ 
 
ָѾʼ˶ɺ˫֣رķʽȫķ㡣شǰ̺쿪ʼֱǳֳ޵ĺ졣꣬ڲ࡭ȫƤдһһιֻǾƫƫɺȣһ 
ɺҪڻˣֻʣҵһѼӲʹõȻŤǱرܿԸĻᡣ 
ַԭ͸οʱʩΪֶŪɺһᣬк߳ҶĺҲ΢΢Щȣ֪ʱЦɺߵܣǲġ󳤷磬㡣 
ϢУɺһʱȫ벻˵֮⣬ֻȫȻհᣬ硭㡭ҡ 
ҶԭͽץסֱۣԶִſ̾Ϣһ֣ɺô 

ƹһ綹ҡţż˻һƻֹڳš 
û˵ֻǽ֯ŸֺѹֵĳԼ͵ϲ 
ɺһļ˵ķɫҶҲùȼźΣԹۣ򶨵һ 

ɺѾͷŹһμ顣ǻȴٰſͲ㡣ʶ˺ҶɺֱزԸֻԼһ˳㡣 
Ц֣Ƕ˾ȴ⿪ɺ˫֡ҶֹɺıƽһȴǶ֪ʱ࣬رϤĵҶ԰ģȴǶһ˫ֳɺİףѽҲȥ 
ɺĴҶȫһҧÿһϸڶŹҶıãȴȫڻУáۼɺĶԽԽ󵨣֮Ҳһס£ҶѲԾݳȴĴסȫдҲָһһŪ 

߶ɢŵһ˲ɺ뿪Ҷ硣Ҷȥȴɺ˳أһ˭˶̬ǰջĵķۺ죬ɺ۹ȴϣЦˮ·𼴽õ¡δһ˻ɽҶ͵ȥЦһǣૣȥɣֻԺҪһһƣҶѷ˹ȥ 
ҶһºƽģȻ⼫ﱻ˫֣޵ֿ֮ƷһʱҲΪ֮˼ѵõҰԡһӶ֮ˣҶؽŰζĳֲͬĿ⡭ 
ͬڼ˵Ŀвϸɺ˿ȴȻˣΪζԼǵģ粻Զ֮ʱҲᡣôԼ壬ʹֻôЩ΢ҪȴүҲˡĻϲϣһĻ 
 
Ȼµ벻ô嶯ҡҡͷҺԼɺ׼򣬾ķʽ᲻ɺˡҶ缫ѼãȴҲһּһֻķˣٴءԼȴҪӵסֻˡ 
Ҷһ漴Ϥдȫԭ֪䣬ֱ룬ȻܣӡҶ׵˶һۣȴֻһЦѶȥ 

ɺ׹ΣһŶǻһ㡭ȻѹԼ¶˷ܡүȴԳ硭һĳ˴ɺ˼룬ֻĵȥ 

Ҳ֪˶á 
ɺۣԼö˶˵ߡƻһ㣬һƽ糣κβͬ 
һΣ 
ɺͻˡ 
ȻԼʪҲֻţǲܡ 
棿ǻã 
ǶͻشĳϢºͣ嵭 
ɺĴ΢Ц 
ûǳζζ 
һǡ 
ɳɺأ˵һ䡣 



  β


β 

ÿһȵĴ磬ȻĮĺһսһůʱڴĮ߾ĵط֦ͷԭҰҲ׺⡣ 

ɽˮһʯǰһڵִӭչϸȴǸ֡

һʱӥӪ֮һ

ǰӥ죬̫ͻȻԾʦʧңң鳯͢볣פ߹أΪ֡ʱ»Ժǻδãֶ֮ʣΥ֮ǵΪˣһ׼࣬ͻʾ

ֻм˲ֶ֪ĸ֡

ؾ̫£ĲԹ٣Υ߲顣

֣ԶӣѵͬšȻ˾⡣ӵּ㶪˽ԼȴҴұһˣ϶ȥ 

Ӵδ֣šӥƮɱ߾Ƕ֣ȻճߣȴǶµĸ

˧λӥڵȴ

ÿ˶ţһ죬
һˡ

մ磬ҪȥǣҲܲˣ

ɽԵĴʯϣһشСΪ̫ԵʣǶŻֵĴ³һ˺ÿ ԵϳҲȼ㣬Ƴͬһֻۣظ֣

Ϊʲô

Ϊү̾˿ɺ㻹ôֻҪӥڣүһҪү

ǵΪβһߡɺǲ⣬ֻǵȴ̫ãз˼ѹɶѣ޴ߣֲǲ

ҿͬɨһۣϵ

̫ɶˡɺֹմ磬ǰЩμˣٺζβûзӰң شɽˮơ

ᣡˣɺٴ

ôᣬǲǸʶȤЩ

ϴϤģЦδŵɤ

ѵǰܡɺһʱһͷȥҲһ𾪣ĿȻŶ档ʲŻת
ӰȻڶʯƮƮһЦһȴֻǵ΢ǣһͬ

չá




 
ڽغһ

лһֱҵĶߣģһҹҹ£ǻô񾲿Żٵȴһˡ

ҶʵһˡìܺԥУֶû˵һ䰮ȷʵУйĽйģȻһжص

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